My Community Internship Experience

The aim of this community internship program is for us to provide knowledge and practical experience necessary for functioning competently and effectively upon licensee in a health-system pharmacy. As a first year pharmacy student, I feel so nervous before entering into this kind of internship because I don't know what will happen when I'm into it and what will be the possible effect, but I'm really glad when I finished the required number of hours because all the hard work and sacrifices has paved off.During my internship period In MD-Rosary I experienced a lot Like organizing of drugs and arranging It to Its respective gondola, paper tabulating, dispensing, and more that Is not being practiced at the school. During our first day at MO-Rosaries they introduced to us the rules and regulations of the drugstore from the signing of DART before we leave and enter the store and also the body search overtime we leave the store, then after that Ma'am Carol showed the Rag area to us hen we s tarted copying the drugs In the Rag area after that we roam around and observed the whole drugstore.The next day we do the same thing as well, and we started copying each book from book 1 to 10 till the last day of our internship and we are always having an exam per book weekly. The best experience in this internship is when we were permitted to dispense drugs and at the same time we encounter different kinds of customers. I'm grateful that I finished this internship and learned a lot that will lead me too brighter future.

Code of conduct

Those principles operate in injunction with our values (as described by our CEO above) and our policies and procedures. At the heart of each of the principles is the imperative to uphold the reputation of the Weakest Group. We all have a role to play in ensuring that the Group's reputation is strengthened and not harmed by our conduct, whatever work we do and wherever we are located. Remember this simple test to determine if our proposed conduct is appropriate: would we be happy to see that conduct reported on the front page of a newspaper?The Code has the full support of the Board and the Executive Team and we take compliance with the Code very seriously. If you breach the Code then you may face disciplinary action, including termination of your employment. You also have a responsibility to report immediately any breaches by a colleague to your manager or team leader or your Human Resources or Compliance business unit representative. Do the same even if you are unsure if there has b een a breach.Our Whistler's Protection Policy outlines all reporting channels, as well as the process for raising concerns anonymously. Here is some more detail about each of the principles in the Code. We do the right thing because it is the right thing to do. Honesty and integrity go hand-in-hand. They guide us in making decisions, so that we make the correct choices between right and wrong. There is no room for compromise: if we do not act with honesty and integrity 100% of the time, we are undeserving of the trust of our customers, colleagues, community and shareholders.Here are some examples of how we act with honesty and integrity: we do not use funds, property or information belonging to he Weakest Group or our customers for our personal benefit and nor do we help others to do so; we immediately report dishonest behavior by our colleagues and customers; we do not offer or give bribes, facilitation payments or other benefits to influence others, nor accept bribes or other bene fits; we keep records of our dealings with customers and suppliers that are accurate and transparent.If we fail to comply with laws and regulations both the Weakest Group and the individual employee may face criminal sanctions or other serious consequences. If o are unsure what laws and regulations apply then contact Legal & Secretariat. We must also comply with the Weakest Group's internal policies and procedures, including this Code.If you are unsure what policies and procedures apply to your work then talk to your manager or team leader. If there is anything inconsistent between the laws and regulations applying where you work and our policies and procedures, then you need to meet whichever sets the higher standard of behavior. If you believe such an inconsistency exists, you should talk to your Customers can be confident

Marketing Channel - Reverse logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Channel - Reverse logistics - Essay Example implementation and management of proficient, cost effective streaming of raw materials in process catalog, finished products and other information reversing from the consumers point back to the origin. This topic may as well include remanufacturing and renewing. Remanufacturing involves manufacturing of products that the company had manufactured while renewal involves renovation of already manufactured goods. It encompasses the sale of superfluous goods, other paraphernalia and machines that customers return to the manufacturer, and leasing businesses because of different reasons. Talking of logistics, we refer to the events surrounding the movement of goods from the producer to the consumer and reverse takes the goods at least a step or more backwards the supply chain.1 A manufacturer may produce a product which, through a supply chain, moves through the distributor to the consumer. Any other process after the sale of the product is reverse logistics; if the product is substandard of defective, then the customer would certainly return it. This would mean that a manufacturer has to incur shipping expenses to fetch the product, test the product, 2possibly dismantle the product, repair, recycle or even dispose the product. This means that the product reverses the chain of supply network for manufacturers to gain any use from the defective product. This has effects on the market and the overall business enterprise since most retailers consider products that their customers return as personally dislodged deals. The retailers have the main challenge in processing the returns at an expertise level for faster, proficient and money-making collection and return of the product3. The probability of product returns depends on the consumer requirements which end up aiding high service standards including accuracy and timeliness. Retailers can address all the operational and customer base retention issues in regards to merchandise returns through following the best

Sport and media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Sport and media - Essay Example The film focuses on a traditional Indian family where the family is the core and the decisions made by women need to be accepted by the whole family for a woman to go ahead with them, therefore leaving women very little choice but to surrender. The end also shows Jess’s (the leading lady) friend offering to marry openly (IMDb, 2002) in a family setting so she can continue her passion for football, only confirming that a masculine decision is weighted above a woman’s. The film characterizes Jess as elusive to feminine products which is a rather sharp contrast to draw. In scenes where she goes shopping with friends for her sister’s wedding she seems disinterested in every dress or product available. This is usually not the case as female athletes have fine refined tastes and interests. The film shows her dressed in shorts and sweats while her friend who is also a footballer comes off as stylish and feminine. The ending of the film is progressive and happy with the family accepting change and being candid about women in the family adopting a male sport. Especially the role of the father is commendable who refuses to repeat mistakes he made and accepts assistance to better his sporting abilities as well. Bend it Like Beckham has a few notes of disappointment when it comes to women in general. It does not save the sport nor does it help the women who make decisions to go into it. It only gives an insight into the mind of people involved in a woman’s life who makes the fine decision of leaping

Advantages and disadvantages of the options officers have regarding Essay - 1

Advantages and disadvantages of the options officers have regarding the use of force - Essay Example Their major goal is the protection and security of the citizens of the country. In order to attain this goal society, government and the law grants police officers authority in civil government. Police officers use this authority to for the control and the management of the behaviors of the citizens. One of the major advantages in their field is that they can take actions according to the circumstances. They are given permission by the authority to use the forces according to the current situations. While analyzing the challenges of being a Police officer Ashley comments that the greatest challenge for today’s officer is the question of when and how to use the force and how much to use the force. Officers are often considered as the mediators in their careers. They have to analyze the situations where they have to take actions when laws are violated. Their delay or haste in actions and orders can change the whole scenario for them and put the lives of the innocent citizens at risk. Their one wrong decision or wrong step can lead towards the situations where whole society can be put at a risk. New York City Police Department Internal Affairs Bureau points out the acts that a police officer is supposed to do when he is on and off duty, the report says that according to the New York law â€Å"officers also are held strictly accountable to safeguard their weapons at all times. They are not permitted to store or leave their firearms in an unattended motor vehicle and are not permitted to carry their firearms in briefcases, handbags, or other portable containers†. (New York City Police Department Internal Affairs Bureau, 1996) The police officers are considered as the life savers of the citizens in the life threatening situations. They are praised because of their strength, confidence and bravery. They have the permission to carry the gun almost anywhere and investigate any area where they suspect

Classroom Management Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Classroom Management Project - Essay Example A proper communication system is established with the parents to inform them continuously about their ward's performance and conduct. A classroom should be designed in such a way, that it is enthralling and at the same time more informative to the students. The sense of comfort should be instilled into every student by the classroom atmosphere. The classroom should contain facilities which provide good comfort to the students and atmosphere should be made informative through charts and bulletin boards. A proper place to sit, a place to have fun and a place to do learning activities has to be specifically allocated. The class room should provide an atmosphere of learning. The students should be allowed to enjoy their learning. The educational system adapted should kindle their inquisitiveness to learn new things and at the same time allow them to come out with their own ideas. Equal importance should be given to non academic activity which identifies student's area of expertise and interests. From teachers perspective each and every corner of the room should be visible to the teacher's eyes. They must be able to provide equal attention to every student in the classroom without any consideration of where they sit. Considering the design of class room from a student's perspective, their average height should be taken into account and seating arrangements should be suitably planned. The light arrangement in the classroom should be in such a way that it provides a soothing sight of the board and other charts to the children's eyes. Classroom rules The rules in a classroom form the bridge between the student and the teacher. So, framing the rules of a classroom for third grade plays an important part in management planning. Rather than conventional rules, these rules should make students understand their mistakes and rectify them. Rather than punishing for not adhering to the rules the students should be taught the goodness that comes by following the rules. Rules have to be designed so as not to instruct children on not doing certain things but to create a positive environment. Based on this concept, several rules can be put forward. Some are, Maintain silence while teacher is teaching. Listen to the class. To be friendly with classmates. Follow properly the instructions the teacher gives. In this contest the teacher plays an important role in bringing these rules into practice. It cannot be brought in only by means of force as these students belong just to the third grade. It can only be done by student specific means which can be adapted only if the teacher starts understanding their students. At this young age, each child should be taught about the consequences of their action. This would help them lead a disciplined life later on. When a child misbehaves or disobeys any of these rules, he or she must be given minimal punishment and a lot of advice so as to correct himself. Further the teacher must take into account the intensity and the frequency of the mistake before deciding on the punishments. The teacher must also discriminate between common and uncommon mistakes. Common and high intensity mistakes can be punished in front of others so that those mistakes would not influence other students. In nut shell, the teachers play more important role in

Denver International Airport (DIA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Denver International Airport (DIA) - Essay Example DIA engineers use MapGuide to keep tabs on its massive underground utility systems including 11,365 miles of copper cable – enough to link the U.S to Argentina. The largest airport in the world is King Fahd International Airport in Saudi Arabia. Canada’s Montreal-Mirabel Airport is ranked second. The United States of America’s Denver International Airport occupies third spot (Wikipedia.org, 2007). Denver International Airport {commonly referred to as DIA} is situated in the northeastern area of Denver in the state of Colorado. Its airfield, passenger and cargo facilities cover a massive land area of 54 square miles {140 square kilometers} (Wikipedia.org, 2007). DIA has an unusual signature white colored tension fabric roof that evokes memories of the snow-covered Rocky Mountains during winter (Wikipedia.org, 2007) – Denver lies at the rim of the Great Plains at the foot of the Rocky Mountains (Castellino, p.7). The tallest point of the roof extends 126 feet above floor level. The huge weight of the roof is borne by 34 vertical poles and 10 miles of steel wire (Datawarehouse.com, 2007). DIA is also famous for its unique pedestrian bridge that links its terminal to one of the Concourses; it affords a wonderful view of airplanes taxiing on the tarmac below (Wikipedia.org, 2007). The massive 33 storey, 327 foot high Control Tower was designed by Leo A. Daly and constructed by M.A. Mortensen Co.’s Federal Contracting Group (Flydenver.com, 2007). DIA was constructed primarily as a replacement for Stapleton International Airport that has since been decommissioned. The U.S. Federal government allocated an initial amount of $ 60 million to build DIA in September 1989 (Wikipedia.org, 2007). Hispanic Mayor Federico Pena {term as Mayor: 1983 to 1991} easily the most active, capable and farsighted Mayor of Denver, was in office at that time (Castellino, p.33). Although scheduled to be ready in four years’ time, the project extended to five

Identify the artifacts produced on the images during CT scans Essay

Identify the artifacts produced on the images during CT scans. Describe the - Essay Example Several strategies have been developed to prevent artifacts. In this article, different artifacts in CT imaging and various techniques to prevent then will be elaborated. Different researchers have classified artifacts in different manner. While some experts have classified artifacts based on appearance, like ring artifacts, shading artifacts and streak artifacts (Goldman, 2007, 222), others have classified them based on the causes (Yazdi and Beaulieu, 2008, 135). In this articles, classification by Yazdi and Beaulieu (2008, 135) will be used. Patient-based artifacts occur because of some attributes in the body of the patients. The most common patient-based artifacts are metallic artifacts. These artifacts occur due to presence of irremovable metals in the body of the patient like hip prosthesis, dental filling, fracture fixation rods, cardiac prosthesis, chemotherapy ports and surgical clips. Metallic artifacts appear like streaks on images. They occur because of improper and inaccurate correction of beam hardening within the back projection that is filtered. As such, metals absorb photons heavily and cause overestimation of activity in the metallic region. This is the reason why patients are asked to remove all metallic objects in their body prior to entering the scan room. Several techniques have been developed to prevent on minimize metallic artifacts in CT images (Yazdi and Beaulieu, 2008, 136). One such strategy is to disregard data related to projections from metal objects and reconstruct image only based on projec tion data from non-corrupted regions. However, this method is very costly for regular scans and convergence problems occur frequently. Another strategy is to reconstruct images by manually identifying the missing projections and replacing them with non-missing projections of the surrounding areas. This method is known as projection-interpolation method. Other strategies to

Research & Strategy Proposal Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

& Strategy Proposal - Research Paper Example The latest trends in internet marketing including the use of apps marketing is some of the ways in which firm can actually achieve its targets. This business strategy proposal will present discussion on the use of affiliates as well as the lead generation as possibly two important methods through which Jewelry for All to increase its revenue. Lead generation Customer acquisition is considered as one of the key strategic variables for the organizations. Firms like Jewelry for All working in online market need to find ways through which they can further penetrate into the new and existing markets. Online lead generation is one cost effective method which if utilized properly can increase the number of customers for our firm. Lead generation can be effective in the sense that it can allow our firm to utilize the strengths of other firms while gaining extra exposure to the market. Through lead generation, firm can actually tap into the new possibilities and further expand the market with the support of strong personal selling and other marketing techniques. (Rees, 2010) In order to successfully implement this strategy, it is important that the firm must develop strategic alliances with different firms from whom further leads can be generated. Formation of strategic alliances will allow the firm to utilize the strengths of already established players in the market while at the same time gaining exposure to the larger market. (Charlton, 2010). We should aim initially aim at those firms which are offering the brick and mortar type of business selling jewelry in on an offline market through their stores. For each lead generated, we should be able to pay reasonable price which may be tied with the final value of the sales made. It is important to note that this approach will require coordination with not only the firms generating leads but with the potential customers identified through this lead generation process. Affiliate marketing Affiliate marketing is another eff ective way through which the firm can effectively reach to the new customers. The increasing popularity of the affiliate networking sites and their relative brand strength can serve as one of the best strategic tools for the firms to expand into new markets and take advantage of the brand reputation of other firms. (Swan, 2010). In order to set up an effective affiliate program, it is important that the firm must offer higher commission rates to the affiliates. Further the development of a tiered commission structure would further induce the experienced affiliates to market and sell our products. It may be possible that the firm use different affiliates for different products i.e. for less expensive items such as gems and materials, firm can target different affiliates however, to sell the high value items, more experienced and established affiliates need to be listed. In order to successfully develop the affiliate program, firm can also use the social networking sites such as faceb ook and twitter to gain access to the unique and large number of affiliate marketers. (techcrunch.com, 2009) Plan of Action It is recommended that the firm should adapt the affiliate

Case study for MGMT306 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

For MGMT306 - Case Study Example nclude hamburgers, milkshakes, cheeseburgers, various types of desserts, chicken, different soft drinks, breakfast items, seasoned fries and French fries. One of the key problems of McDonald is the issue of cultural differences. Being a global company, McDonald focuses on recruiting competent and talented individuals who have the potential and ability of improving on their sales volume. However, the company faces such challenges of cultural differences since its employees come from different cultural backgrounds. Thus, providing an equal training for such employees on how to execute their job roles is challenging for the company. Nevertheless, the company has allocated adequate resources to ensure that it manages the issue of cultural shift effectively. In this, McDonald ensures that it hires labor that is characterized of cultural background of its business environment. Cultural differences among nations also influence how McDonald applies is strategic approaches of attaining business success. Thus, cultural values, which include eating habits, gender perspectives, communication modes, dress codes and religion, dictate how business operations have to be conducted in a given country. McDonald has realized the need of taking into consideration of the cultural values of each business location in order to overcome the issue of cultural shock. As such, the company ensures that it aligns its business strategies with cultural values and practices of the community in which it has to conduct its business activities. Inflation is factor that influences business activities of all international companies. McDonald is one of these companies, which incurs challenges of changing currency rates and inflation in some of its countries where it has established branches. Thus, the company experiences problems in management of its revenues since they shift based on the currency variation among countries. To address this, McDonald ensures that it aligns its pricing strategy with

Minorities in Usa Essay Example for Free

Minorities in Usa Essay Background to Immigration 1. Which groups of immigrants made up the American nation at the end of the 18th century? Which waves of immigrants were there in the 19th century? Where did they come from? †¢ English colonists, Pilgrims, who set sail in 1620 on the Mayflower †¢ Swedes began their migration to America in 1638 as an organized group of colonizers sent by the Swedish Government to establish a colony in Delaware †¢ In 1655, the colony was lost to the Dutch. †¢ During the colonial era (1680-1776) most of the immigrants came from Northern Europe. †¢ In the mid-1840s, Swedish migration began and continued up to World War I. †¢ During this wave (1820-1890: â€Å"old immigration†) immigrants from Germany and Ireland came to the U.S, as well as groups, from England, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, the Scandinavian countries, and Eastern Europe. †¢ In a third wave (1890-1930: â€Å"new immigration†) more immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe and from Mexico, Canada and Japan 2. Characterize immigration from 1900 to 1948. †¢ In 24 years the volume of immigrants rose up to 15.5 million †¢ Americans became afraid of losing their culture, which lead to a more frequent occurrence of racial issues †¢ In the 1920s the Federal Government restricted immigration, what soon led to a decrease of it 3. Which percentage of the American population is non-European in origin today? Which are the largest minority groups and how many members do they comprise? †¢ 35% of the American population is non-European in origin †¢ 35904000 black people make up the largest minority group with 12,8% 4. What is meant by the terms â€Å"melting pot† and â€Å"salad bowl†? What evidence is there for racial tension? Give reasons for this. †¢ They describe the American society along with its cultural and ethnic diversity. †¢ Melting Pot: all ethnicities and their cultures have blended to form a single, diverse American culture †¢ Salad Bowl: many distinct cultures exist side by Each group keeps its own identity and customs. †¢ Racial issues were not addressed until the civil rights movement of the 1960s †¢ Racial tensions have been expressed in a series of race riots †¢ Yet racial prejudices and religious intolerance still exist Immigration Legislation 5. Which measures were taken to regulate immigration during the 20th century (legislation)? What did they aim to do, how effective were they and how do they reflect policy changes with regard to immigration? What laws are in force at present? Era of Restriction: †¢ A policy of restricting immigration ended the open door era. †¢ Immigration Act of 1917: all newcomers over 16 years of age had to pass a literacy test or would have been rejected. Workers from India, Indochina, Afghanistan, Arabia, the East Indies and other smaller Asian countries were not approved. †¢ Quota or Johnson Act of 1921: the number of immigrants from each country was limited to 3% of the foreign-born of that nationality as recorded in the U.S. census of 1910. †¢ Immigration or Johnson-Reid Act of 1924: reduced the annual number of immigrants to 165,000 Era of liberalization: †¢ McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 and the Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 made needed skills the criterion for the first 50% of visas for each country. The Western Hemisphere was provided with 120,000 visas per year, the Eastern Hemisphere was granted an annual number of 170,000. †¢ Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986: allowed illegal immigrants who had been in the US before 1982 to apply for legal residence, set fines and penalties for employers who hired illegal immigrants. †¢ Immigration Act of 1990: raised the annual number of immigrant visas by 200,000, doubled the annual number of asylum seekers who could become permanent residents. †¢ Immigration Act of 1996: more border barriers, more immigration agents, stiffer penalties for smuggling peoples, easier deportation of illegals and terrorists. 6. What is a â€Å"green card† and how can it be obtained? †¢ A green card is a US permanent residence visa. †¢ It enables any person to live and work permanently and legally in the United States †¢ Three options to obtain a green card: 1.the US Department of State allocates some 50,000 diversity visas per year to applicants from certain, winners are chosen by a random drawing. 2.Non-US-citizens with a special educational qualification can obtain it apart from common application procedures 3.Marriage with an US-citizen or with a green card-holder respectively. 7. What is â€Å"affirmative action†? †¢ It calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education and contracting decisions. †¢ I also can call for an admissions officer faced with two similarly qualified applicants to choose the minority or a woman over the white or the man. References †¢ Bernard, William S. (1998), â€Å"Immigration: History of U.S. Policy†, in: David Jacobson, ed., The Immigration Reader. America in a multidisciplinary perspective, Oxford, 48-91. †¢ Bromhead, Peter (1988), Life in Modern America, Essex. †¢ Kleinsteuber, Hans J. (1984), Die USA. Politik, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Hamburg. †¢ Mauk, David, John Oakland (20023), American Civilization. An Introduction, London – New York. †¢ Wersich, Rà ¼diger B., Hrsg., (1996), USA-Lexikon. Schlà ¼sselbegriffe zu Politik, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Geschichte und zu den deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen, Berlin. http://www.usa-green-card.com/GC_FormShell.asp?Action=Questions#QuestionWhatIsGreenCard http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/01hate.pdf http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/us.html

Impact of Global Warming

Impact of Global Warming Milagros Hoyos Global Warming Global Warming is an international phenomenon where the weather and temperature change unpredictably and fast (when greenhouse gases get trapped in the atmosphere). Since the Industrial Revolution, global warming has increased, affecting Earth by rising its global temperature (which has increased due to the fact that the amount of carbon dioxide and other gases spewing from industrial plants has enlarged). Nevertheless, to understand global warming, one must understand the components intertwined with its occurrence (such as carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases, Ozone O3, Chlorofluorocarbon, and CFCs gases). In addition, one must learn where, why, and how global warming occurs. To begin, one must first know the difference between the terms, weather and climate. Despite the fact that they are related, weather and climate are two distinct things. Weather refers to the atmosphere’s current condition at a specific location on Earth. Weather conditions typically change hourly and refer to a small area. The factors that are included in weather measurements are air temperature, wind speed and its direction, humidity, precipitation, and cloud locations. Although climate does include some of these factors, climate is a measurement of the average weather condition of a large region for a long period of time. Furthermore, climate is measured in decades. Greenhouses gases are another important component of global warming. As everyone knows, the Earth’s atmosphere consists of various different chemical compounds. Among these compounds, there are gases (called greenhouse gases) in our environment that are primarily generated by fossil fuel consumption. Greenhouse gases are vapors that are trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere; they absorb and emit radiation at the rate of thermal infrared. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere are carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone, methane, and nitrous oxide. Carbon dioxide (CO2) makes up about eighty percent of primary greenhouse gases. It is a chemical compound, in the state of gas, with a natural, or anthropogenic (caused by human activity), origin. Also having a natural origin, CO2 is emitted by volcanoes, geysers, oceans, lakes, aerobic organisms (through respiration), organic materials (from their decay), land animals (as they exhale, while breathing), and humans (from their breath). In addition, carbon dioxide can be found, naturally, in oil and gas deposits. Regarding its anthropogenic origin, carbon dioxide can also derive from the combustion of fossil fuels (such as gas motor vehicles, fabrics, and manufactures). Furthermore, carbon dioxide can be generated from coal, which is rich in carbon when burned. Carbon dioxide is essential to human life due to the fact that it, as a major greenhouse gas, maintains an average temperature, on Earth, of 59Â ° Fahrenheit (Gore, 2007). Without these gases, the Earth’s surface temperature would drop to around 0Â ° Fahrenheit (Gore, 2007). However, the problem is that an excess of CO2 gases contributes to global warming. There are various researches that suggest that there is a direct correlation between carbon dioxide and temperature. In other words, the more concentrated the CO2 (ppm) in Earth’s atmosphere gets, the higher Earth’s temperature is going to get. Humans cannot stop these gases from naturally occurring, but they can prevent the anthropogenic ones. Consequently, many experts advise people to prevent or reduce the emission of CO2 gases into Earth’s atmosphere. Some ways to prevent the emission of CO2 gases are regulating the emission of pollution, promoting the manufacturer, using electrical or hybrid motor vehicles, and preventing the destruction of forests (which absorb CO2 to form oxygen). Another significant compound in global warming is chlorofluorocarbon (also known as CFCs, or Freon). chlorofluorocarbon is an organic compound that contains carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. This compound is produced as a derivative of propane, methane, and ethane, and is used as a refrigerant, solvent and propellant. Moreover, it has a lifetime of 20 to 100 years. CFCs gases are extremely stable, do not dissolve because of rain, and stay in Earth’s atmosphere for about two years (which is the time it takes them to reach the stratosphere). In the stratosphere, ultraviolet rays hit CFCs molecules (CFCl3) to form chlorine atoms (Cl), which then react with ozone molecules (O3) to form chlorine monoxide (ClO) and oxygen molecules (O2). Later, the free oxygen molecules react with the chlorine monoxides to form chlorine atoms, which are then free to start the process all over again (which slowly destroys ozone molecules). It is known that one CFC molecule can destroy up to 100,000 ozone molecules. Ozone O3 (ÃŽ ¼-O) plays a major role in global warming. Ozone O3 is an inorganic molecule (in its gas state) that forms in the Earth’s atmosphere through photolysis. (Photolysis is a process in which O2 molecules split apart, due to ultraviolet rays, to form individual O molecules, which join together to form O3 molecules, or the ozone.) The formation and destruction of the ozone is steady, with a relative constant concentration and altitude of 10 to 19 miles from Earth’s surface. The ozone layer plays an important role in the warming of the Earth due to the fact that it is meant to prevent the Earth from warming up too much. The Sun’s irradiated rays penetrate Earth’s lower atmosphere and warms its (Earth’s) surface. However, these sunrays are filtered by the ozone layer, which is located in Earth’s stratosphere. The ozone layer protects Earth from ultraviolet rays by reducing the intensity and preventing very high temperatures (which could potentially destroy every animal and human by melting every thing) to occur on Earth. In regard to the relationship between CO2 and the ozone layer, CO2 does not directly affect the ozone layer. What actually occurs is that the ozone’s generation is very slow and gases, such as water vapor and CO2, stay in the atmosphere semi permanently, without physically or chemically changing. Then, when the sun’s rays (ultraviolet rays) are emitted, they pass through the atmosphere, warming the Earth. Nevertheless, this heat cannot leave the Earth because the gases block Earth’s heat from escaping, which makes, consequently, what is known as global warming. The region most affected by global warming, where the climate changes constantly, is the Arctic due to the fact that it is located on a highly sensitive part of Earth. Furthermore, the Arctic region is very thin and suffers from ruptures and melted ice, which destroy the habitat of different animals, such as polar bears. In addition, global warming also affects the native people, plants, and wildlife. One noticeable victim of global warming is The Muir Glacier, located in the Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, in Alaska. As shown on the left in figure 1 (on the following page), which was taken in August 1941, the glacier once covered the entire ocean between the mountains. Nowadays, as shown on the right in figure 1 (below), which was taken in August 2004, the glacier is barely visible due to the fact that global warming has made most of the ice melt, causing the glacier to shorten by more than 31 miles and thin by more than one kilometer (U.S. Geological Survey, 2014). Figure 1: Muir Glacier To make matters worst, glaciers, such as the Muir Glacier (melting glaciers), contribute to the rising sea levels, which produces coastal flooding and contaminates fresh water supplies. Snow and ice generally act like a security system by cooling the Earth’s layer over the Arctic. Thus, when the ice and snow that covers the Earth melts, the earth absorbs more sunlight and gets hotter. So, is global warming a big issue to consider? As one can see, it is a huge issue. Global warming affects the planet’s temperature, climate change, and is one of the leading problems that face our world today. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are heating up the atmosphere and are, thus, jeopardizing every day life. This problem is caused by the release of principal human-made greenhouse gases into Earth’s atmosphere. Therefore, humans can prevent global warming through the prevention, replacement, and reduction of CFCs on Earth. Furthermore, by doing these things, humans can save the environment and, in a way, the world! Resources Burroughs, W. J. Climate Change: A Multidisciplinary Approach; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2007. Climate Central, Inc. Global Weirdness: Severe Storms, Deadly Heat Waves, Relentless Drought, Rising Seas, and The Weather of The Future; Pantheon Books: New York, 2012. Goodall, C. Ten Technologies to Save the Planet; Greystone Books: Vancouver, 2010. Gore, A. An Inconvenient Truth: The Crisis of Global Warming; Viking: New York, 2007. Haugen, D. M. Musser, S. Is Global Warming a Threat?; Greenhaven Press: Detroit, 2007. Haugen D., Musser S., Lovelace, K. Global Warming; Greenhaven Press: Detroit, 2010. Joesten, M. Hogg, J. L. CHEM In Your World; Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning: Belmont, 2011. McKibben, B. The Global Warming Reader: A Century of Writing About Climate Change; Penguin Books: New York, 2012. U.S. Geological Survey. Glacier and Landscape Change in Response to Changing Climate. http://www.usgs.gov/climate_landuse/glaciers/repeat_photography.asp (accessed June 23, 2014). Weart, S. R. The Discovery of Global Warming; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 2003.

Wheelchair Interfaces for Paralyzed Persons

Wheelchair Interfaces for Paralyzed Persons New method suggest some improvements regarding muscles to drive a wheelchair. People with disabilities such as Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis or tetraplegia experience problems while using traditional wheelchair-integrated joystick due to deformities of their limbs, amputees, tremor or because the are paralyzed below the neck. For them, different methods to use wheelchair have been invented. Among them, the most popular are voice command, brain command, eye tracking, face tracking and tongue tracking. In this project, the main emphasis is put on interfaces based on eye-tracking, head gestures and users habits. The eye methods are effective, but distracts patients view. The physiological background of Electro-Oculography is well understood among different eye movement research methods. Therefore, the report regarding this project is chosen to be described. voice command is too sensitive for the background noise, but has works quite fast. Tongue tracking is inconvenient, but less than eye tracking. Face tracking is sensitive for skin color, but quite efficient. Brain command is very successful, but difficult to adjust. 2.1. Eye-computer interfaces The authors of [1] present an electrooculography (EOG) based wheelchair interface. Beyond simple path guiding, this device has three other features: path re-routing, obstacle sensing and avoidance, and tilt detection. It is also worth nothing that the microcontroller is used in the wheelchair system instead of a laptop computer. Electrooculography is a bio-medical technique used for eye movements observations. It measures the resting potential of the retina. This potential comes from the fact that eye acts a dipole: it has a positive charge on the cornea (the front part of the eye) and a negative charge on the retina (the rear part of the eye). The measurements are conducted with electrodes applied onto the face skin. More important is the location of the electrodes which depends on the eye movements. If the patients gaze is in the horizontal direction, the electrodes have to be placed near the lateral canthi of both eyes. On the other hand, if eye movements are expected to vary in a vertical direction, then the electrodes have to be placed above and below the eye. Figure 2.1Electro-Oculography method It is particularly interesting that the constructors applied additional ultrasonic sensors into the wheelchair. These sensors, placed on the wheelchair body, send signal to detect obstacle and then receive the reflected wave. This back signal helps the microcontroller to choose the best path. The researchers designed the interface in that way that gaze directions like left, right, forward or back correspond with internationally understood directions like north, west, east and south. No pulse means centre. The microcontroller of so called User Instructions Processor (UIP) encodes upcoming signals in order drive to in a certain direction or to avoid collision with an obstacle. Finally, the tilt detection algorithm is realized by the gyroscope applied to Drive Control Module. It informs UIP about possible danger associated with breaking safe tilt limit, predefined for wheelchair. In this case, corrective measures is done by the user or the alert to the patients doctor/nurse is sent. 2.2. Head Gesture Recognition This method, described in [2], allows to obtain images of humans head in order to process them for certain commands. The equipment used for this application is called Gesture Cam. It is a Smart Camera which was modified with embedding a processing unit. This modification allows the device to process images at the high resolution. Moreover, due to this condition, the only mage feature that has to be processed, is the output of the camera. GestureCam is based on Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) which is supposed to process data from intensive video faster in real time than a traditional Personal Computer. Firstly, the authors took the video of the user. After that, they used Viola-Jones method in order to detect users faces. Figure 2.2 Viola-Jones method used for detecting nose. Figure 2.3Viola-Jones method used for detecting eyes 2.3. Anticipative Shared Control The researchers and at the same time the authors of presented a wheelchair navigation interface which enables the user to move from one room to another into an indoor place. The control over this interface is shared between the user and the computer. Therefore, it is called Anticipative Shared Control and the system POMDP (stands for Partially Observable Markov Decision Process). The main impact of the computer is that it uses data based on human habits, visited paths, time of the day etc. On the other hand, user can decide whether he/she wants to choose particular path, suggested by the interface or change settings. The main purpose of these operations is to complete users intentions and expectations as full as possible without increasing effort while operating the wheelchair. Tha advantage of that solution is that the wheelchair can take the user for longer trip without requiring more gestures. The authors notice that using interactive interfaces like eye-tracking or Electromyography (EMG) may be tiring for the human. The proposed design of the wheelchair interface is to use make fusion of head gestures and eye-tracking and to add more functions like winking, baring teeth, raising eyebrows or In this report various wheelchair interfaces were presented. The aim of their design is to improve life of persons who suffer from diseases causing. As far as eye-tracking is considered, many papers regarding eye-tracking systems were published. Generally, the advantage of eye-tracking over voice command is that eye can send accurate visible signal, for example, by gazing in certain direction. It is worth noting that eye-tracking method, described in , is very reliable. Moreover, it is simple to use in various applications. Because of the straightforward gaze detection, it is very reliable, accurate and, based on previous research, quite economic. The use of microcontroller reduces time of complex calculations, provides enough high level of intelligence and unweights the wheelchair because of replacing a laptop computer. The head gesture interface is quite effective and economic. However, it faces different ambiance conditions (such as changes in illumination or various objects in the background) as well as users appearance (face complexion, or glasses). [1] R. T. Bankar and Dr. S. S. Salankar, Head Gesture Recognition System Using Gesture Cam, in Fifth International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, Gwalior, India, 2015. [2] P. Pinheiro, E. Cardozo and C. Pinheiro, Anticipative Shared Control for Robotic Wheelchairs Used by People with Disabilities, in IEEE International Conference on Autonomous Robot Systems and Competitions, Vila Real, Portugal, 2015. [3] T. R. Pingali, S. Dubey, A. Shivaprasad, A. Varshney, S. Ravishankar, G. R. Pingali, N. K. Polisetty, N. Manjunath and Dr. K. V. Padmaja, Eye-Gesture Controlled Intelligent Wheelchair using Electro-Oculography, in IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Melbourne, Australia, 2014.

Seeking Solace in Barbara Kingsolvers The Bean Trees :: Kingsolver Bean Trees Essays

Seeking Solace in The Bean Trees Many aspects of life are explored in Barbara Kingsolver's novel, The Bean Trees. A young woman named Marietta Greer from Kentucky wanted to strike out on her own, leaving behind everything she ever knew, just to start a new life. Many children want to do this at an early age so they can experience life on their own yet they don't realize the dangers involved.. Everyone that leaves the solace of their own home needs loving support to keep them going through life. Marietta Greer starts her journey by heading west across the United States in a run-down old car. She decides at the start that wherever the car breaks down will become her new home. When she stops at a diner one night for something to eat, she is suddenly left with a baby dropped off by an elderly Indian woman with no reasons why. Marietta tells her "If I wanted a baby I would have stayed in Kentucky" (24). Continuing her lonely trek, she changes her name to Taylor and ends up keeping the child and caring for her. When she finally arrives at her unknown destination, Taylor gets a job at a tire company working for a nice lady named Mattie and moves in with Lou Ann, also a single mother. She develops close friendships with them, and they all help each other through good times and bad. Taylor starts getting stronger feelings for the child, Turtle, and eventually adopts her through deceiving means with her new friends Estevan and Esperanza. Taylor keeps in touch with her mother, and she was thrilled her mother was supportive of her decision to adopt Turtle. There are some things I would have changed about the novel to make it more interesting reading and to broaden the type of audience it addresses. In my opinion, the book was kind of targeted at a feminine audience, especially single mothers. When Taylor and Lou Ann get together, Lou Ann sounds kind of pathetic saying " Who in the world would want to move in here with us" (102), yet they develop a strong friendship regardless. I had kind of a hard time focusing on what was going on and who was doing what mainly because the story wasn't interesting enough to attract my attention. Perhaps by throwing in a little more suspense or more action, the novel would have been more fun to read.

The Use of Symbolism and Imagery in Tourneurs The Revenger’s Tragedy E

The Revenger’s Tragedy by Cyril Tourneur, was written using symbolism and imagery, which comes from the protagonist (The revenger) Vindice. A main trait of a tragedy is that there will be a downfall of a character within the play, in this case from the opening scene the protagonist, Vindice, is the clear culprit for an emotional meltdown and a tragedy all of his own. These themes of symbolism and imagery in The Revenger’s tragedy are a connection between what is right and wrong. In the first character whom is introduced into the play and is of a high social background, we know this because throughout the soliloquy Vindice speaks using Iambic pentameter (blank verse) however when the character Vindice is in disguise he speaks in prose this shows to the audience that he is not himself. The first sign of symbolism in the play is in the first soliloquy, ‘[holding a skull; he watches as]...’ this skull is a symbol of the loss of his lover Gloriana. Also an example symbolic language from Vindice when using black verse is the reference to the skull, because the skull is seen as an empty ‘shell of death’ and a picture of Gloriana, it also acts as a ornament for the audience to see while he reconstructs her ‘fill’d out’ its hollow bareness of her face and the dazzling eyes that once decorated its â⠂¬Ëœunsightly rings’. The skull of Gloriana could also symbolise the fate of Vindice, the skull acts as a constant reminder of death and it seems to be following him round where ever he goes. There is an inevitable link between the death of his ‘betrothed lady’ and the revenge he seeks upon the royal family. He is trying to set a balance by taking one life because the life of Gloriana was taken, but trying to fix a balance creates Vindice’s in... ...tement says that this family believe that raping women is acceptable because they believe that every woman would enjoy sec and he has no remorse for raping Lord Antonio’s wife. This makes the act of revenge build for Vindice because he is not only killing the Duke for one person but for two women whom were treated wrongly by the duke or his family in this case the duke’s son. The downward spiral of the character Vindice, shows a large scope of emotion, starting with a quite normal grieving process for his partner, to seeking his revenge on the Duke, this revenge soon spiralling out of his control when he decides to get revenge on the whole of the royal family because the Dukes son raped Lord Antonio’s wife. Therefore the use of symbolism and imagery works well and the play follows an effective structure in which the tragedy becomes the tragedy of Vindice alone.

Lift the Trade Ban on Cuba Essay -- essays research papers

Unlock the Gate to Cuba In the long and turbulent history between Cuba and the United States, it can well be argued that Cuba did not turn out quite like its other Latin American peers. Things seemed to be on the right track in the early 1900’s, when it appeared that Cuba was destined for a future of â€Å"independence†, like its neighbour Puerto Rico and it was yet another South American nation rife with the now atypical blend of affluent American investors and poor workers usually native to the land herself. However, following a coup d’à ©tat that saw the fall of the American-backed Fulgencio Batista in favour of his social antithesis in communist Fidel Castro, the situation rapidly turned sour. The American government, finding themselves backed into a corner and unable to mold Cuba in its golden image, decided that it would be pertinent to sever all trade with Cuba. Since America’s policies towards Communism were clear, the trade embargo began to look like a more long-term intervention. To this day, the trade embargo is still in place, and it appears unlikely that this president, as well as many more from those who will succeed him, is ready to discuss any possible amendment. However, these economic sanctions have seen its efficacy come to an abrupt end. The ban on Cuban trade should be lifted in order to reduce poverty on the island, boost the economies of both the United States and Cuba, give America access to superior healthcare and allow America to acquire some cheap labour. In this essay, I will inform you of four things; (1) Cuba’s poverty caused by the sanctions, (2) how lifting the embargo would benefit Cuba, (3) how lifting the embargo would benefit America, (4) why continue the sanctions (5) how close are we to lifting the sanctions. Cuba’s Poverty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is not difficult to identify Cuba as a â€Å"developing† nation: a quick glance around at the grimy, graffiti-filled streets, rampant propagandist billboards and the cars, clanking along with broken fenders in tow and a volatility and tint that suggest that their primes passed 50 years hence are enough of an indication. Indeed, those sepia-toned prosperous days under communist rule having come and gone, there has been little to no influx of money to replace and refurbish aging buildings, automobiles, schools, roads and above all, aging policies. When asked what they thought ab... ... by simply giving passing reference to that presumed inevitability? It is intolerable to think that we are so far away from a solution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furthermore, they have labelled Cuba as part of a â€Å"secondary† axis of evil. Worse yet, John Bolton, the Undersecretary of State for Arms Control, has stated that â€Å"Cuba has long provided safe haven for terrorists†, and â€Å"that Cuba has been developing biological weapons of mass destruction.† Figures. Finally, It is clear that there is a serious issue regarding poverty in Cuba that directly results from the forty year old sanctions. It would benefit both countries to lift the sanctions in terms of trade, immigration and development. The sanctions have so far proven unsuccessful, and are just hindering the Cuban economy. Despite all of these points, it seems doubtful that the doors to Cuba shall be unlocked, and that the poverty and suffering could continue forever until we get another FDR-like president who has enough sense to change something. Word count: 2002   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Recommendations: Project Management Essay

Obviously, the type of the organizational structure that MP used is Vertical Coordination. MP is a movie&record industry, so its product is relatively simple. Vertical Coordination is the most basic and ubiquitous way to harmonize the efforts of individuals, units, or divisions is to designate a boss with formal authority. In this structureï ¼Å'departments just focus on their core tasks, workers who have the same specialty are get together and seem to be more efficient. However, the MP’s that being typecast as solely a â€Å"music† or â€Å"black† production company would limit the industry’s opportunities and would leave the company vulnerable should the entertainment market shift. In order to achieve the company’s goal of product diversification, MP needs to change its organizational structure. Matrix Structure will be adjust to MP’s development because this form is common in the product diversification. At other production companies, executives generally had portfolios of projects which they personally developed. At MP, executives shared responsibilities on projects, often going to meetings for one another and consulting with each other. Therefore, although each project was the principal responsibility of a given executive, a number of executives might be working on the same project at the same time. Although this approach avoids the inconvenience to communication of each department effectively, But at the same time, it also causes the confusion of management and division of unbalance. So my recommendation is as follow: Unless getting the agreement from the meeting, the executives of each department are just focus on their cases.

Collections INF

This subject focuses on the provision of appropriate Information resources for organizations and communities, with particular emphasis on the hardcopy and electronic materials required to achieve the goals of libraries, Information agencies and related organizations.It will also address the concept of tacit and explicit knowledge collections and the role of institutional repositories. Attention is given to the assessment of needs, selection, acquisition, evaluation, deselecting of resources and consortia, and issues such as policy formulation, budgeting, cooperative resource provision, outsourcing, preservation, electronic publishing and space planning.Introduction INFIX 0 focuses on the resources that librarians, archivists, record keepers and other information professionals make available and accessible to their clients, with reticular emphasis on how these materials are identified, selected, acquired, evaluated and removed when no longer of value. In the past, subjects of this kin d have been concerned mainly with printed materials, but in more recent years digital objects (any digital file of whatever type – a word document, email, database, video clip and so on, is commonly called an ‘object') have become at least as important as print materials.In the weeks ahead both types of materials will receive considerable attention. As you will see, the subject covers a lot of territory. This means a lot of org, and your task will probably be a lot easier and more palatable if you are able to work at a steady pace through the modules in Interact and associated readings, rather than neglecting the subject for two or three weeks and then attempting to absorb several topics in a day or two. If you do work at It fairly steadily, you should not find the concepts particularly difficult to absorb and understand.But the relevant area Is rapidly developing, largely because of the revolution In electronic resources that has been proceeding for some years. It does require an openness to new Ideas. It Is recommended that you supplement what you read here by examining recent Issues of journals and by monitoring Internet sites, and If you find yourself working In this field you really will need to make a conscious effort to keep up with new developments.However, this subject does aspire to provide a self-contained Introduction at a basic level. The subject now before you is a varied one with many possibilities for further study student who found nothing at all of interest. We hope you find this an interesting and stimulating subject, providing broad brush contexts and paradigms within which the ore practical focus exists. Both aspects are important to understand the work and how it fits in the broader information environment.Your Subject Outline The University, Faculty and School policies, regulations and procedures frame your studies detailing your rights and expectations, your requirements and the procedures necessary for successful Charles S trut University Subject Outline INFANT 201230 W D-30 January 2012-version 1 page 2 of 15 navigation through your studies. It is important for you to read all this information and clarify any issues with your Subject Coordinator.Faculty and School policies are published online in the Faculty/School Folio. Http://www. CSS. Deed. AU/faculty/educate/ folio/folio. HTML Your subject coordinator Robert Pym Academic biography Bob Pym has worked in libraries and related cultural institutions for more than 20 years. From 1993 until early 2005, he worked for the National Film and Sound Archive in Canberra, latterly as the manager of their Collection Development area.During this time Bob taught on a casual basis at the University of Canberra and Canberra Institute of Technology. His teaching interests include: collection development – leslies, selection and retention; preservation of digital materials; popular culture and libraries; and audio visual materials. Bob's PhD is in the area of Australian popular fiction and its preservation and he is interested in researching the role of popular culture materials and their place in documenting society.Subject author(s) John Kennedy, Bob Pym and Sue Terry Learning objectives – be able to discuss critically the means of assessing information needs of communities and organizations; – be able to participate in the development of an information resources policy; – be able to provide an overview of the range of information resources available; – demonstrate an appreciation of issues relating to the selection and deselecting of information resources; – display an understanding of the nature of acquisitions work as it relates to information resources in traditional and digital form and the formation of knowledge- based collections; – be able to outline the development of virtual information resources and participate in an informed consideration of the merits of such resources; – d emonstrate an understanding of the role of consortia in the provision of information resources; – demonstrate an understanding of how information agencies represent themselves in a digital world; – have developed a clear understanding of the role of institutional repositories and the policies and practices necessary to ensure their success; and – be able to discuss critically managerial issues such as censorship, budgeting, outsourcing and cooperative resource provision. All CSS courses leading to the award of Bachelor degree will foster in their graduates the attributes set out below. CSS graduate attributes build students' capacity to contribute to their community and to the wider society.

Outline the Importance of the Land Rights Movement, Specifically Referring to the Wik Decision, Mabo Judgement and the Native Title.

Outline the importance of the following for the land rights movement Native Title Mabo Wik Evidently, the land rights movement involves the ideas of the Wik, Mabo decision, as well as the Native Title. Aboriginal people are able to rebuild connections with their spirituality, through the land. Aspects of Indigenous Aboriginal spirituality such as ancestral spirit beings, totems, sacred duties and rituals are held within the land. Native title refers to individual or communal, rights or interests of Aboriginal people or Torres Strait Islanders in relation to waters or land. This form of land title was considered to be of great significance to Aboriginal people because it allowed them to gain social and economic independence, and was a huge leap in their journey of self determination. It aimed to assist the establishment of native title by organising the Mabo decision. In the end, Aboriginal people want to own their sacred sites, and this can only be achieved through the Native Title. Eddie Mabo was an Indigenous Aboriginal man who established the Mabo decision of June 1992. This decision provided the recognition that Australia was under British settlement in 1788, hence going completely against the concept of Terra Nullius. It was this dramatic result, which contributed towards the establishment of the Native Title. Native Title became part of the known laws of Australia, which meant that Mabo’s observance provided all Aboriginal people with justice and equality. The Wik decision expresses the notion that native, leasehold and some other types of land titles can successfully co exist. This means that there is great degree of fairness within this decision, as both the Aboriginals and the Australian government is pleased.

Edward Estlin Cummings Essay

Edward Estlin Cummings was born on October 14, 1894 in Cambridge, Massachusetts to academic parents who early on encouraged him to develop his creative gifts (Everett). His was a happy childhood; he grew up in a spacious, sunny house, his neighborhood was full of children who roamed the nearby woods and played baseball during summer or skated on a local pond in the winter (Berry, 8). When he grew up, he acknowledged the impact his parents had on him, stating that it had been â€Å"my joyous fate and supreme good fortune† to belong to such family (Berry, 8). According to Reef, Estlin once said â€Å"I did not decide to become a poet – I was always writing poetry (5)†. He did not originally start writing in the form for which he is best known today. When he was young, he wrote poetry and produced pencil drawings. His love of language was encouraged by his mother, who made up word games to encourage his creativity (Blanchard and Falcetti, 58). At the same time, his poetry is filled with descriptions and images of nature, natural elements, and natural processes (Parekh). He took his father’s pastoral background and used it to preach in many of his other poems (Eich). Estlin graduated from Harvard for his BA and MA studies. His travels took him to different places around the world. When war broke out between US and Germany in 1917, Estlin joined a Red Cross unit in France as an ambulance driver (Reef, 29). There, he and a friend were imprisoned on suspicion of espionage (www. poets. org). This experience resulted in his novel, The Enormous Room. He also traveled throughout Europe, where he met poets and artists including Pablo Picasso. He divided his life between Paris and Greenwich Village, and later between the Village and his New Hamsphire farm (Schmidt, 85). He became widely known as a whimsical and experimental poet (www. who2. com) whose radical use of â€Å"form, punctuation, spelling and syntax, abandoning traditional techniques and structures created a new, highly idiosyncratic means of poetic expression (www. poets. org)†. In addition, the landscape of New England with its animals, fields and forests influenced his poetry and infused it with images from the natural world (Shuman, 318). As Shuman succinctly point out: His poetry combines a child’s enthusiasm for the wonders of the natural world with a sophisticated adult’s wariness of official positions and conventional thinking (311). One such poem is the wonderful in just- . The poem quite simply is about the beginning of a new season: â€Å"in just-/ spring. † In this poem, Estlin â€Å"coins words, alters punctuations and invents his own typography. Thus, the poem itself represents creativity and how it spring from the earth (Phelan)†. The poem then continues on to paint a picture of Spring and embodies the themes of innocence and childhood. This poem in particular embodies his view, where Estlin himself explains: In so far as a human being is an artist, skies and mountains and oceans and thunderbolts and butterflies are immeasurable; and art is every mystery of nature (314-15). in Just- spring when the world is mud- luscious the little lame balloonman whistles far and wee and eddieandbill come running from marbles and piracies and it’s spring when the world is puddle-wonderful the queer old balloonman whistles far and wee and bettyandisbel come dancing from hop-scotch and jump-rope and it’s spring and the goat-footed balloonMan whistles far and wee e. e. cummings WORKS CITED Berry, S. L. â€Å"E. E. Cummings. † Indiana: The Creative Company, 1994. Blanchard, Mary Loving, and Cara Falcetti. â€Å"Poets for Young Adults. † New York: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. Cummings, E. E. â€Å"100 Selected Poems. † Atlanta: Grove Press, 1994. Cummings, E. E. â€Å"Commentary on Life and Art by E. E. Cummings. † New York: October House, 1965. â€Å"E. E. Cummings. † Academy of American Poets. 12 Dec 2008. â€Å"E. E. Cummings. † A Who2 Profile. 12 Dec 28. < http://who2. com/ask/eecummings. html> Eich, Marty. â€Å"E. E. Cummings Biography. † 12 Dec 2008. Everett, Nicholas. â€Å"E. E. Cumming’s Life. † March 2001. Modern American Poetry. Dec 2008. < http://www. english. uiuc. edu/maps/poets/a_f/cummings/cummings_life. htm> Parekh, Pushpa N. â€Å"Nature in the Poetry of E. E. Cummings. † Spring Volume 3 1994: 63-71. Phelan, Julie. â€Å"Poetry analysis: in Just- by E. E. Cummings. † 12 Dec 2008. Reef, Catherine. â€Å"E. E. Cummings: A Poet’s Life. † New York: Clarion Books, 2006. Schmidt, Michael. â€Å"The Great Modern Poets. † London: Quercus, 2006. Shuman, Robert Baird â€Å"Great American Writers. † New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2002.

Nutri Natural, Herbal and Vitamin Supplements Research Paper

Nutri Natural, Herbal and Vitamin Supplements - Research Paper Example In addition, many organizations are watching the growth of this demand and competition is already building. Therefore, market positioning and efficiency in marketing company products has become more relevant. For a company such as Nutri that intends to launch their online retail sale of natural, herbal and food vitamins, it is crucial to understand the market dynamics, distribution and the nature of competition within the market to be successful. Notably, the UK food supplements market is complex, and brand positioning is a necessary effort. In the past ten years, it is evident that the demand for supplements and vitamins has grown considerably and is already at a plateau phase. Approximately, the Food and Supplements market will reach $786 million within the next five years. Therefore, there is an opportunity for investment in this industry. UK enjoys stable economic growth and the low rates of unemployment in the country points out that the public have a well-grounded purchasing power (Ritchie 2-7). If this continues in the near future, it is obvious that the food supplements market will grow in tandem with the public demand. To this end, the economic perspective of the US food supplements market favors Nutri’s intention to launch their food supplements market. The social-cultural factors appear to be the main drivers of the demand for food supplements in the UK market. The high rates of obesity and health-related diseases have triggered a sudden change in the diet behavior in the UK. UK is among some of the countries have high rates of health-related diseases in the world due to high consumption of energy-rich foods. This trend has seen many health organizations as well as the government launch public awareness programs in the world to warn the public against unhealthy feeding habits. Consequently, the public is becoming aware of the need to

Abraham linkon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abraham linkon - Essay Example As a result, he took an approach of preventing the spread of silvery into other territories and expected it to die a natural death without attacking it directly. On the contrary, Douglas believed that slavery as morally wrong, though he believed the people reserved the right to either observe it or not. For instance, Douglas believed that despite the Dread Scott Supreme Court ruling, municipalities had a duty not support legislations that supported slavery if they chose to. Settlers according to Douglas could also prevent slavery by not adopting the local legislations in such localities, which would have led to slavery being combated from a moral point of view despite the legislation permitting it. The controversial Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was responsible for alienating the northerners, resulting in political turmoil and violence that largely ate into the democrat’s political power. Douglas advocated for a popular sovereignty approach in abolishing slavery in this region. To Douglas this was a deeply rooted in democracy and in the republic principles as envisaged by declaration of independence (Etcheson, 2008). On the contrary, to Lincoln, this was a subversion of the spirit of republicanism; he blamed Douglas for the chaos that led to a bleeding Kansas. Lincoln directly attacked the legitimacy of the sovereignty meaning as stated in the act. Lincoln took it as his lawful and constitutional obligation to uphold the law, prohibit slavery, and encourage the return of fugitives. On the contrary, Douglas opted to use the â€Å"let the people decide† approach to prevent angering the whites in including the free states into senate voting blocs (Etcheson, 2008). Tho ugh Douglas was trying to organize the northern territories, the southern politicians who were not interested to add more voters to the Free State block in the senate

Ethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnography - Essay Example n which the members of this church maintain a close-knit, family relationship by examining worship practices, family relationships and subgroup relationships within the greater whole. The data for this analysis was collected over a period of weeks in which the author kept a journal of his observations while attending church. While the author was a participant in these proceedings, effort was made to step back and view the proceedings from the perspective of the outsider without sacrificing the insights available to the insider. Journal entries were made on a weekly basis beginning September 4, 2006 and ending October 23, 2006. There are approximately 250 listed members of this particular church, 230 of which attend on a regular basis. The members of the church range in ages from the very young to the very old, with a majority of the members falling within the middle age category. The congregation is also comprised of a wide variety of ethnicities, primarily Russian, Lebanese and Greek. The worship service itself functions as a reminder of a call to family togetherness. One of the first actions parishioners observe as they walk into the church is to light a candle in the Narthex in memory of a deceased relative or loved one – the author typically lights one in memory of a deceased uncle. They then kiss the icon and cross themselves on the chest three times before taking their places to ensure they are in proper frame of mind to receive the instruction to follow. The sermon, usually covering a topic that is loving and nonjudgmental, typically lasts approximately one hour. Following the sermon, the congregation files out, kissing the priest and the cross he holds as they pass. From here, most members of the congregation file into a large dining room in which they partake of foods brought in from individual members. Toward the end of the period of study, a young girl was baptized in a child-size plastic swimming pool that had obviously been purchased at

International tourism management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International tourism management - Essay Example Thus, according to Tribe (2008), the goal of critical theory in tourism is critical emancipation where all stakeholders are given the opportunity to benefit from the tourism industry. Against this background, this essay will begin by explaining the meaning of culture then reflect on some of the cultural aspects that can be taken into consideration and the strategies to implement them by international tourism businesses that seek to establish themselves in emerging markets overseas. The Minster English Dictionary defines culture as, â€Å"intellectual, behavioural, and artistic ideas, beliefs of a particular group, time or place or it can refer to any particular stage of civilization.† Simply put, culture denotes the behaviour of an identifiable group of people living in a particular place. It shapes their way of doing things in their everyday life. The cultural and social environment affects the way people live and behave in several ways in that it shapes their behaviour and the way they conduct themselves in society (McCarthy & Perreault 1993 as cited in Bennet 1995). International tourism businesses which are concerned about the success of their business should also be concerned about the following cultural variables that characterise many emerging tourist destinations: language spoken, type of education the people have, religious beliefs, type of food as well as other social aspects such as marriage, families and roles of women among other things. As going to be explained in detail below, it can be noted that all these factors have a bearing on the way an organisation will operate and thrive in foreign land. Whilst it is important for the international tourism company to retain its business goal of generating income, it can thus be seen that the onus is theirs to recognise the culture of the local people in the area they will seek to establish business for their own benefit. It can also be noted that the emerging markets overseas have more to deal with social

Personal view of early childhood education Term Paper

Personal view of early childhood education - Term Paper Example These early ages are the most critical in the development of a child. The parents or guardians of children should take extra care of the nutritional needs, learning and emotional protection of the children. When the children grow up a bit, it is the responsibility of the children to detect any changes in the child’s behavior as it would be easier for them to detect any difference in behavior in a class with many children. Early childhood is a precious time – a true window of opportunity – that cannot be re-opened later on. Early childhood care and development leads to the formation of a healthy society because of the children are well cared of they are most likely to become responsible citizens and human beings. The Micro-system The micro-system denotes the lowest level of environment. It is the immediate environment the child adopts as he is surrounded by it from the start. When a child is in a micro-system he develops the sense of differentiating similar faces from dissimilar face. Most of the development of the child occurs in this phase of life. The micro-system of children includes people who spend more time with them, play with them and take care of them. These people can be family members the child sees everyday for example mother, father, grandparents and siblings. It also contains caregivers at home, or teachers at day cares. The behavior which the child sees from these people, he will try to adopt that behavior naturally. It will have an effect on the growth of the child. If the mother of the child is patient and calm, the child would tend to be polite and less aggressive then the children whose mothers are short tempered. In the same way if the child is hand over to teachers at daycare who use bad language the child will be tempted to learn those words and will eventually learn them. If the care takers at home do not take care of their hygiene the child would learn to be like them since he would see a friend and mentor in them as a child at that level does not know the difference between right and wrong. It is the responsibility of the parents specifically, to correct their own selves first in order to represent themselves as the role models to the children. At this level all relationships are meaningful to the child. The child would know how loves him more and how gets angry on the things he does. Children are intelligent enough to grasp languages at a faster rate at this level. Therefore, it should be made sure that children are not subjected to abusive language at such early ages. Every person has a temperament and like everyone children also have a temperament which shows in a child’s personality trait. Personality traits are inherited genetically and biologically. As a person grows, he takes control of his personality. The more encouraging and nurturing care is provided to the child, the better the child will be able to grow in mentally and physically. â€Å"The period of early childhood should be given the top most priority especially if responsible governments make decisions about laws, policies, programs and money. Even then unfortunately for the children, the society and for the nation, these years receive the least attention.† – State of the World’s Children, 2001- The Mesosystem The next system which occurs in the early development of a child is the

Effectiveness of Employee Motivation in Google Coursework

Effectiveness of Employee Motivation in Google - Coursework Example This research will begin with the statement that motivation as explained by Burrus et al, is a multifaceted dynamic of forces, desires, drives, and other mechanisms within an individual that establish and uphold voluntary effort directed toward the accomplishment of a particular task or objective. Drawing reference from this definition, employee motivation can be termed as the psychological forces directed at an employee’s behavior in an organization so as to influence their level of effort and diligence in the duties assigned to them. Employers who take the initiative of motivating their employees are in a better position to acquire better organizational productivity, better employee participation and teamwork, and a better average turnover. Google is an American conglomerate, which specializes in providing internet-based services such as search engine service, cloud computing, manufacture and sale of software, as well as online marketing services. Most of Google’s pro fits come from AdWords. Its hasty growth since incorporation has elicited a series of merchandises, acquisitions, and mergers. As a result, Google is one of the corporations with the largest employee base in the world of around 37,000 in 40 countries. Contemporary conglomerates are relentlessly coming up with new methods and techniques to acquire top talent, keep hold of that top talent, and come up with imaginative ways to keep them motivates for paramount productivity. The essay will explore how Google Inc has structured its management so as to endow its employees with the best environment and how it motivates it's them with intrinsic and extrinsic techniques. The essay will also investigate on how effective the motivation techniques adopted by Google Inc have been in streamlining the employees’ effort in the direction of realizing the corporation’s objectives. Before exploring the motivation techniques adopted by Google Inc, it is important to understand some of the theories of motivation so as to get acquainted with the theory Google Inc favors most. Companies have to come up with intrinsic and extrinsic methods of motivation to acquire and maintain top talent. Studies have revealed established valuable theories that are of the essence in the developing strategies of motivation. In the paper, there are the four major theories that have been established.

Organisational behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Organisational behaviour - Essay Example In this context, it could be expected by OSM to show flexibility and positive thinking when having to support innovation in her department. Instead, the response of OSM to the initiative developed by the Director of Administration (DoA), i.e. the replacement of the College’s existing photocopying machines with new ones of advanced technology, has set the relevant project into severe risk. Indeed, as noted in the case study, the OSM seemed to have doubts for the necessity of the new machines from the beginning, meaning the time point when the DoA announced to the OSM her decision to order these machines. Even if the OSM has not made clear her thoughts in advance, she negatively influenced the members of her team in regard to the new machines. At the same time, the replacement of existing photocopying machines has been made for increasing the performance of the OSD, thus for responding to a critical need of that department. However, the negative attitude of OSM has affected the behaviour of all members of OSD. The resistance to change has been so strong that the new machines failed in meeting the targets set by the DoA. The problems related to the low performance of the new machines seem to be related to the inability of OSM to respond to the psychological contract developed between her and the organization (Mullins 2013). In the context of this contract the OSM would feel as responsible to secure the success of all organizational plans, including the project initiated by the DoA. Having to face the opposition of OSM towards the specific project the DoA could focus on increasing the motivation of OSM, and of the members of OSD, in regard to the particular plan. 2a) The lack of motivation in the OSD could be explained using the Attributions Theory of Kelly. In general, the particular theory refers to the perceptions of individuals in regard to the factors that influence the behaviour, meaning both own

Self-concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-concept - Essay Example The casual factors include culture differences, gender differences, and personality differences. This paper looks at the relationship of these factors and their influence in the identity of a person. Self-consent, a construct also referred to as self-construct self-identity or self-perspective determines how an individual person perceives of own self in reference to a number of factors. The environment in which a person lives in by itself is a major determiner of the personality of the person and how the individual perceives own self. The people around a person that forms the society and the community influences how the person conceives personality. The behaviour of a person is likely to be aligned in accordance to the person’s culture and other people’s behaviour. Personally, Culture is probably the most influential factors that determine an individual’s self-consent. Culturally, I am obliged to be self-sufficient and independent. The normative imperative of this notion is that I am required to discover myself early enough to be in a position to be express my personal attributes. The cultural setting has defined the form of interaction that I need to conform to. Memberships of various groups or clubs, relationships with other people and their needs ought to come last in preference to personal needs. The society expects me to conform to the norms of the society, and be part of it. I rarely perceive myself as a part of the society, but rather individually and more separate from the society. Whether it is a good thing or a bad thing, personally, I cannot change this belief, but have to conform to it as long as am part of the society. Gender defines who a person is in reference to sexuality. Women and men are classified by their gender. The normality of the society to determine the strength of a person through gender is very influential to that person. A man is more independent than a woman,

Marco in a View from a Bridge Essay Example for Free

Marco in a View from a Bridge Essay Give advice to an actor playing Marco on how he should present the character Marco is a character of two faces. At the beginning of the play, a grateful and respectful man is presented to the audience. He shakes Eddie’s hand, and makes it clear that he does not want to impose – ‘when you say go, we will go’. This is in stark contrast to the absolute lack of respect your character gives Eddie later in the story, and the more-so you can make this the better the reception will be from the audience. Marco is also quite a reserved character. When the two men first come to the house, Marco speaks only in short sentences, rarely elaborating on his point. However, he also seems to have a quiet authority and this is shown in stage directions when Eddie ‘is coming more and more to address Marco only’. This authority is also shown when Rodolpho starts to sing, saying ‘You’ll be quiet, Rodolpho. ’ silencing his brother. This reservation is also shown in his realistic sense of mind, compared to his brother who has possibly unreachable dreams. He is also not as flamboyant or elaborate as his brother, who sings, cooks and sews; he is a ‘regular bull’. This makes others respect him and this sense of authority and strength needs to be portrayed. In the scene where Marco shows his strength by lifting the chair one-handed, the tables start to turn. The respect Marco once had for Eddie seems to have disappeared suddenly, as Marco menacingly holds the chair over Eddie’s head. On the surface, it looks as though he is protecting his brother, but the underlying reasons are mainly that by doing so, Marco has just proved Eddie’s inferiority. This enjoyment of feeling superior mixed with the defence of his brother makes Marco a fierce character in this scene, and a character that may have been shadowed in earlier scenes come to prominence in the play, and this continues in the later parts. The character then follows a vicious path of revenge after realising that is was Eddie that reported them to Immigration. Your character loses sympathy with the audience due to this, and as you lose sight of everything else why you came to America, your family etc. – the seems to be no compassion in Marco. He not only wants to kill Eddie but humiliate him as much as possible in the process. Essentially, Marco is like Eddie. A formally caring man of his family, he is an honourable man who lacks the quality of forgiveness.

On Why Hobbes Is More Reasonable Than Locke Essay Example for Free

On Why Hobbes Is More Reasonable Than Locke Essay KeOf all the social contract theories that have been put forth, the most influential perhaps have been John Locke’s and Thomas Hobbes’. While both are Natural Law theorists, they have completely different views of man’s state of nature. John Locke thinks of man in a natural state as a peaceful, social being while Thomas Hobbes thinks of man as an aggressive and greedy man. Both theorists also showed that man doesn’t live in a state of nature, social contracts will be formed to govern the populace. It is, however, the reasons for the formation of these social contracts that are of relevance to this essay. I believe that neither of these theories are accurate depictions of man but Hobbes seems more practical in his theory than Locke. In a state of nature, as perceived by ALL these theories, each man will live a solitary life. Therefore, when resources are scarce and each man is trying to get the best out of the environment, there has to be a way to resolve the conflict that is bound to occur. A social contract has to be made. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes lived in an era when wars were being waged all over Europe. Hobbes saw Spanish Armada, 30 Years War, First Second Bishops’ War, Scottish invasion of England, Irish Rebellion and English Civil War. It is no wonder, then, that he has such a dim view of mankind. Locke starts off by proposing, in his treatise On the Citizen that all men are born with more or less equal faculties of body and mind. There are no natural disparities so great as to give one man exclusive claim to some benefits. People, egoistic as they are, will always try to make their life as comfortable as possible. In a state of nature, it is possible for everybody to live a comfortable life in a certain society. This, however is in the event that the natural resources are too vast to be exhausted. When resources are scarce, which was the case in Europe at Hobbes’ time, men will resort to force to get what they want. The stronger man will live the most comfortable life. This would inevitably lead to the establishment of a kratocracy. In an effort to promote peace and equality, the people will cede their power to the Leviathan, who will proclaim laws that none of the governed will have the power to go against. For this social contract to subsist, the cession of power has to be mutual between the members of the society. In this respect, he endorses our modern view of a constitution as deriving power from the people. Any further explanation of Hobbes’ theory is pointless as far as this essay is concerned. The relevance of Hobbes’ Social Contract theory Most people wrongly get stuck at the point where life is described by Hobbes as â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short†. I have no authority to describe what life was without a social contract as I have never known man to exist in a state of nature for long enough to study. More important to me is what man’s reaction to being in a state of nature is. Man strives to remain peaceful and maintain equality with his fellow man. According to Hobbes, the Leviathan ought to maintain this state by punishing those who unjustly exceed the limits of their power as per the contract. A modern view of the Leviathan is the government, which will enforce the laws that the citizens (through their legislative representatives) have agreed upon (a social contract). Hobbes’ view that the Leviathan should be a monarch is, no doubt, influenced by European politics at the time, which was dominated by monarchies. Hobbes does not argue that man is not a social animal, his argument is based on an economical point of view (self-preservation and development in the Commons). In support of the argument put forth in class, I believe that when faced with a problem that affects many people, the people will come together in an effort to solve it. Hobbes’ problem is maintenance of peace, which is essential for man to live a comfortable life, is solved by appointing an authority (the Leviathan) to ensure that this happens. The biggest argument I could draw from the argument in class was that Hobbes saw man as unable to form any relationships with another so as to achieve a common good. This, I would like to point out, is a state of nature, which I am yet to witness. Hobbes’ biggest undoing perhaps, is his infatuation with preservation of the power of the Leviathan. He says that the Leviathan has the power to punish all who undermine its authority. Elinor Ostrom’s view What I took from Ostrom’s discussion on â€Å"Economics, the State and the Third Sector† is that we should not always look to the state as the solution to all our problems. Furthermore, institutional diversity should be embraced because you cannot have a one-size-fits-all solution for some issues. Where land is a scarcity e. g. The People’s Republic of China, there is a much more urgent for land law than there is in such sparsely populated areas such as Chad’s rural lands. This part of Ostrom’s views I totally agree with. Furthermore, in her treatise, â€Å"Governing the commons†, she demonstrates man’s apathy to a state of nature, coming together to create a law that will govern their use of common property. Conclusion I believe that while man in a state of nature (and otherwise) is greedy and egoistic, being a rational being, man will look for a solution to a common problem by coming together to solve it. The solution to the tragedy of commons as per Hobbes is the establishment of a Leviathan. This eliminates indecision, which is an inherent characteristic of human beings. Clans, tribes, states, empires and monarchies are all headed by a Leviathan of sorts and it is no wonder they are so successful.

Freuds concepts and their value for contemporary psychology

Freuds concepts and their value for contemporary psychology Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is well known as the founder of psychoanalysis in psychiatry and is thought of by many as a key figure in psychology. Throughout his work Freud came up with numerous concepts and theories, many of which still cause a lot of debate amongst psychologists. In this essay I will discuss some of Freuds key concepts including; development of personality, personality structures and defence mechanisms. After which I will attempt to assess their significance in modern psychology and conclude whether or not I believe Freuds concepts are of value to contemporary psychology and if we should continue to look into his work. One key concept developed by Freud is the development of personality. He came up with five distinct stages, known as the psychosexual stage, to describe how our personalities develop from birth to about 18 years of age. He places particular emphasis on the development of sexual drives and how this shapes our personalities. Furthermore, each stage has a region, known as the erogenous zone, where the libidinal energy is focused. The five stages are: Oral stage (birth one year old), in this stage Freud (1901) suggests that events around feeding are the focal point of pleasure for the infant, the erogenous zone includes the lips, mouth and tongue (Maltby, Day and Macaskill; 2007). Anal stage (1year -2 years), Freud believed that bowel movement gives the baby sensual pleasure, also at this stage the child is rewarded for bladder and bowel control (Maltby et al., 2007). The anal region becomes the new erogenous zone. Phallic stage (3 years -5 years), at this stage the child starts to mature physiologically and the libidinal energy is transferred to genital region (new erogenous zone). At this stage gratification is gained from masturbation (Maltby et al., 2007). Freud thought that girls experienced what he called penis envy as they become aware that boys have penises and the do not. In addition, boys become sexually aware of their mother and start to view their father as a sexual rival (and experience castration anxiety fear of losing their penis), this is known as the Oedipal complex. Latency stage (5 years -12 years) can be seen as a resting period of the psychosexual stage. Social interactions are most important in this stage, children develop friendships with same sexed peers, as well as, identifying with the same sexed parent (Maltby et al., 2007) resulting in socialisation of gender roles. Genital stage (12 years +) as this stage puberty begins, which reawakens the libidinal energy, resulting in a more mature sexual attachment, in normal development the main sexual objects are members of the opposite sex (Maltby et al., 2007). Freud also developed the idea of personality structures. He identifies three personality structures that develop in every person, these are the; ID (present from birth), EGO and superEGO (these two form later on in development). The ID is the primitive, pleasure seeking part of the personality, it strives for immediate gratification (i.e. I want X and I want it now!). The EGO plays an important role as the mediator and is the rational aspect of our personalities (i.e. You will find a way to get X, just be patient). Finally the superEGO is the moral, guilt driven side of the personality which then becomes our conscience (i.e. You cant have X because its wrong). And finally I will talk about defence mechanisms, a well-known concept developed by Freud. Defence mechanisms can be described as the minds way of protecting itself from unacceptable or painful thoughts, as well as, conflict from the three personality structures. Freud mentions eleven defence mechanisms: Repression, denial, projection, reaction formation, rationalisation, conversion reaction, phobic avoidance, displacement, regression, isolation and undoing. The two most known defences are: repression the idea that we push undesirable thoughts, feelings and impulses from our conscious mind into our unconscious in order to shield ourselves from pain and protect our self-esteem. In other words Freud saw repression as the Ego and superEGOs way of supressing the ID. Denial is simply when we refuse to face certain situations or realities as we do not find them acceptable. Cramer (1991) states that the boundaries between these two defence mechanisms are often hard to distinguish between (cited in Baumeister, Dale and Sommer Freudian Defence mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology; 1998). The next part of the essay will aim to assess the value of some of Freuds work in contemporary psychology. The concept of personality development is solely based on how libidinal instincts shape us. Maltby, Day and Macaskill (2007), state that Freud does not meet the parsimony criteria in his explanation of the motivational basis of behaviour, Freud implies that sexual and aggressive instincts are the only motivators of human behaviour (Maltby et al., 2007). The psychosexual stages, do not fully explain human behaviour as they are highly reductionist and ignore the complexity of the human mind, as well as, being bias in only emphasising one aspect as the basis of all behaviour, therefore, it can be said that they are of little value to contemporary psychology. Freud also identified problems that may occur as a result of fixation in anyone of the five psychosexual stages. He then developed treatment, known as free association, which would allow the patients to resolve their emotional conflicts, which involved catharsis, where the patients discharged their emotions by speaking freely about anything they want, leading to resolution of these issues. This method has been widely reviewed and is still used in contemporary psychology. Greenberg (2002) concluded that emotional arousal and processing within a supportive therapeutic relationship is the core element for positive change in therapy. He emphasized the cognitive aspect of catharsis and the need to understand and make sense of emotions. (Esta Powell; 2007). Free association is replicable making it reliable and has many applications to contemporary psychology making it valid. Conversely, much of Freuds work on the psychosexual stages was largely based on his interpretations of observations of young children or self-reports of dreams and thoughts. Freud used Little Hans primarily to support his theory of the Oedipus complex (Jennifer Stuart; 2007). Critics contend that Freuds theory is lacking in empirical evidence and relies too heavily on therapeutic achievements, whereas others assert that even Freuds clinical data are flawed, inaccurate, and selective at best (Beystehner; 1998). Thus, the validity of his work is very much in question. As these concepts, such as the psychosexual stages, cannot be operationalized and tested they are not falsifiable and are of little relevance to contemporary research. Many of Freuds theories are simple in a way that they are not comprised of many concepts, for example, his theory on personality structure consists of three clearly definable structures. In this sense his work can be said to be parsimonious and has formed a basis for further research. According to Dangleish and Power (1999) the personality structure purposed by Freud has face validity as we are all aware of anxiety and conflicts in everyday life decision making (as cited in Maltby, Day and Macaskill, Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence; 2007: 34). Face validity implies that there is support for his theory on personality structures, and so this theory can be operationalized and tested to see how personalities coexist within us and data from these tests can have practical applications. Furthermore, Freuds work on defence mechanisms was widely accepted and leads to follow up research, such as that by Brewin and Andrews. After reviewing this area of psychology, Brewin and Andrews (1998) concluded that 20% to 60% of therapy patients who had been victims of sexual abuse in their childhood reported not being able to recall being abused for large periods of time in their lives (cited in Maltby et al., Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence; 2007: 36,37). This shows us that the mind does use methods, such as repression, to protect itself from indecent memories. This shows falsifiability as it is replicable and has practical applications in life which can be used and developed in contemporary psychology. Freuds work is very controversial and has provoked enormous debate, much of which has led to the development of novel ideas in psychology. Not only has his work been expanded upon and developed (e.g. to better treatment of mental patients) but many breakthroughs have been made in trying to disprove his theories. Although many of Freuds theories are subjective and based on his interpretation of dreams and thoughts which cannot be empirically tested, he has made many valuable contributions to psychology. These include the use of defence mechanisms and the idea of personality structures, both of which have supporting evidence from contemporary psychologists, e.g. Brewin and Andrews (1998) work supports the concept of defence mechanisms. As well as this he created clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology, developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and concluded dreams are the primary insight into the unconscious mind. All of these have ha d practical applications and have formed the foundation of contemporary psychology. Thus, I believe that it is potent that Freuds theories and concepts continue to be revised. Referencing: Maltby, J., Day, L Macaskill, A. (2007). Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence (2nd Ed.). London: Prentice Hall Baumeister, R.F., Dale, K. Sommer, K. L. (1998). Freudian Defence mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology: Reaction Formal, Projection, Displacement, Undoing, Isolation, Sublimation and Denial. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Stuart, J. (2007). Little Hans and Freuds Self-Analysis: A Biographical View of Clinical Theory in the Making, 55, (3), 799-819. Beystehner, K. M. (1998). Psychoanalysis: Freuds revolutionary approach to human personality. Retrieved October 22, 2010, from Personality Papers Web site: http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/beystehner.html Powell, E. (2007). Catharsis in Psychology and Beyond: A Historical overview. Visited on October 25, 2010, Web site: http://www.primalmatters.com/images/Catharsis%20.pdf