Hunger game Essay

In the novel the Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, the main character is Katniss Everdeen a female that represent district 12. Throughout her journey she has to fight against eleven other district and twenty-three other tributes in order to be the last tribute to survive. Although Katniss know that the Hunger Games is not an easy task to complete winning or staying alive is the only option, she still gain the power and confidences to compete. Throughout the Hunger Games all the power was given to the totalitarian government of the capitol. The government was able to control the people and the districts of Panem, because they hold most of the country of Panem wealth. In theHunger Games the citizens of Panem were consider to be servants in a brutal game of life and death. The games keep the people of the districts divided and fighting among themselves. â€Å"Taking the kids from our districts, forcing them to kill on another while we watch† (1.  18). The main purpose is to remind the districts how weak they are, and cannot do nothing about it, their deaths is for televised entertainment. As the journey continues Katniss started to develop more power and confidences in herself. The control the capitol has over each districts is to maintain order. But when it came to Katniss and Peeta the capitol had little control over them. â€Å"Eventually I understood this would only lead us to more trouble† (1. 6). At this point in time Katniss’s fear that the capitol is controlling her. â€Å"I don’t want them to change me in there. Turn me into some kind of monster that I’m not† (10. 141). Peeta wants to die as himself, not as one of the capitol’s servants. The Hunger Games involved different stages of dystopia. In which they used propaganda to control the citizens of Panem. The only option they have is to fight for their survival to win or to be killed. However Katniss defeats the capitol and frees the districts from its wrath.

Confirming Alzehimer’s Disease

Running head: Confirming Alzheimer’s Disease Confirming Alzheimer’s Disease Carissa Davis Walden University Diagnosis and Assessments 6720 Confirming Alzheimer’s Disease The Forgetful Mail Carrier Han’s is a 66 year old retired government worker that has been dealing with issues related to his memory. Han’s retired at the age of 60 because he could no longer perform his duties at work properly. The problems with his work performance had been an issue for five years before his retirement. At the age of 62, he could not remember the way home while leading a hike in an area he was familiar with and knew well.Over time his memory problems have become more noticeable and he even has failed to recognize good friends. He has become more and more quiet, given up his hobbies and lost interest in the newspaper and television. His wife is not comfortable leaving him alone because of his memory issues (Butcher, Mineka, ;amp; Hooley, 2010). Confirm Diagnosis Dem entia of the Alzheimer Type is a diagnosis of exclusion, other causes for the cognitive deficits must be ruled out first (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).This diagnosis is normally given after all other potential causes are ruled out by medical and family history, along with a physical examination including laboratory test in some cases (Butcher, Mineka, ;amp; Hooley). Han’s has no sign of a medical condition that would be a factor in his memory failure. Han’s symptoms do not fit diagnostic criteria (C) for vascular dementia or other dementias due to other general medical conditions (APA). After the other possible diagnoses are ruled out then I must insure that Han meets the criteria for dementia of the Alzheimer type.Hans’ memory failures meet the criteria for A1. His inability to find his way home in an area that he has lived for 40 years meets the criteria for 2(d). The next criteria for this diagnoses requires that the cognitive deficits in A1 and A2 cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning and represents a significant decline for a previous level functioning (APA, 2000). The fact that his memory failure required him to retire early shows a significant impairment in occupational functioning.Han not recognizing his close friends and giving up hobbies shows a significant impairment in social function. There are standardized published rating scales that can be used to measure the severity of impairment (APA, 2000). Criteria D requires cognitive deficits in A1 and A2 are not caused by other central nervous system conditions (1), systemic conditions that are known to cause dementia (2) or substance induced conditions (3). The information that I have would lead me to believe that this clients condition is not related one, two or three of criteria D.Criteria E requires that the deficits do not occur exclusively during the course of delirium, which they do not (APA). Criteria F requires the disturbance not to better accounted for by another disorder (APA). This is an area that I felt another disorder might need to be considered. The fact that Han has begun to speak less and less, given up his hobbies, has not interest in the newspaper or televisions could be cause to diagnosis him with Major Depressive Disorder due to Alzheimer’s with depressive features, 293. 83 (APA). This could be listed along with 294. 10 Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type with early onset.The early onset needs to be the specify subtype because is memory failure began before the age of 65. Counseling There is no treatment or cure for Alzheimer’s disease that will reverse the loss that this disease causes. The treatment that is used is to work the clients and their families to diminish agitiation and aggression in the patients. Also to help the family deal with the stress of caring for a family member who is suffering from this disease. As a counselor I would help this client reduce frustration and embarrassment that they might feel because of this disease.In this type of situation I would see my professional services helping the family of the client. Taking care of a loved one that is suffering from Alzheimer’s can be stressful and demanding. Helping caregives learn how to distress and cope the stress will benefit them along with the person they was caring for.References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). DSM-IV-TR. Arlington, VA: Author. Butcher, J. N. , Mineka, S. , ;amp; Hooley, J. M. (2010). Abnormal psychology (14th ed. ). Boston, MA: Allyn ;amp; Bacon.

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X - Essay Example Nevertheless, the two authors seem to share feelings regarding the white run American society in which they lived. The two authors put blame on the whites for the prevailing racism; however, they agree that it was up to the black s to end the problem. Although Malcolm X and King used the black society, they had their own notions of how to deal and stop racism because Malcolm X favored the use of violence while King acknowledged the need use a nonviolent approach. King in his essay suggests a peaceful revolution although he is aware of eminent violence if peaceful demonstrations are unheeded; however, Malcolm X uses a direct and an aggressive approach in his article. Although all whites were not involved in supporting the problem of racism because some were trying to help fight for the blacks, it took Malcolm X a lot of time to figure that out. Malcolm in his essay â€Å"A homemade education† points out that he never felt truly free in his life until the time he was in prison. King in his essay talks about overestimating goodness because he acknowledges that few members of a race that oppressed another can understand the yearnings of those that have been oppressed. However, even after finding out he never received much white support as he hoped but he never lost faith in the white community (King 1; Malcolm 121-127). King in addressing the issue uses resources and references from the bible and religious icons in getting attention of the clergymen regarding the laws of segregation. Although this was an indirect route, he managed to attain what he wanted. King’s response to the clergymen uses peaceful rhetoric in presenting his arguments; moreover, he uses religious metaphors and imagery throughout his work in order to show peacefulness. King uses religious metaphors because he understands that the audience is made up of religious leaders and capable of relating to the religious symbolism he uses. King uses religion to

Comparison between North and South China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Comparison between North and South China - Essay Example Important ecological and climatic differences between southern and northern China are also demarcated by the Qinling range. Southern China received more rainfalls than northern China, and with the introduction of the seeds and technology necessary for wet rice cultivation into southern China in A.D. 200, there was a population explosion because of the increased food production in the South. The South had very large rice harvests, which were able to sustain a much larger population than northern agriculture ever could. This was responsible for causing the population of southern China to grow both through a net migration into the region and by natural increase. As a result of this, by around A.D. 1100, the south was the home to the majority of China’s population, a situation which is currently prevalent (Wright, 2011). Although northern China has a smaller population in comparison to southern China, it is vital to remember the fact that the north and not the south was the cradle of the Chinese civilization (Wright, 2011). Large parts of the people of China are of the Han decent. The Han identify themselves with China’s dominant national culture in addition to having a huge sense of tradition and history that can be traced back to more than a thousand years and encompasses many scientific, artistic, and cultural accomplishments. Some of China’s minority groups like the Manchu have almost been totally assimilated, although they still maintain their own religion and languages. When the Mao who led the communist government took over in 1949, the new government quickly set out to try and establish and form a sense of national uniqueness that was based purely on the common ideals of hard work and equality. Minority groups like the Mongolians, Kazakhs, Zhuangs, and Tibetans have not been totally assimilated and they still try and maintain their cultural, historical, and linguistic distinctness (Barabantseva, 2011). Currently, the Chinese government officially recognizes about fifty five minorit y groups spread out all over the country, each having its own distinct culture and set of traditions. Most of the minority ethnic groups in the country are found to live in the outer China region. This is because the Hans have consistently and persistently been forcing them over the centuries into those generally harsh and less desirable lands. The Hans also seem to consider these other minority groups as greatly inferior to them, if not totally not sub-human, and have been using the Chinese character for â€Å"dog† to refer to them until very recently. As a result of this, the minority groups are found to harbor a great deal of resentment for the Hans, with some of them, like the Xianjiang and Tibet, repeatedly attempting to secede and separate themselves from the main Chinese republic (Barabantseva, 2011). Religious Comparison between North China and South China Modern day religious differences between north and south China are not very vast. In describing religion in China , basically two sorts of religiosity can be

A discussion of the positve and negative impacts of social networking Essay

A discussion of the positve and negative impacts of social networking on today's youth - Essay Example Cotterell (2013) is of the assumption that the social media has increased the interaction environment and paradigms. The young people are able to interact with persons from different cultures, countries and races thus increasing their view of life and the society. It is also a positive effect that social media that the social media increase the social networking skills of the youth (Tufekci, 2008). The author further asserts that the skills acquired are effective in creating the required cultural, social and political awareness (Tufekci, 2008). Through social networking the youth have increased ability to acquire and process information from a global perspective (Sonia, 2008). This approach allows then to respect the opinion from different religious, cultural and racial affiliations. Their understanding of other social affiliations part from there is increased. In regards to educational purposes, social networking create learning platforms. Specifically, social educational platforms are adversely provided by social networks. The results can be reflected in the educational experiences of the youth (Ruddock, 2013). The greatest negative impact of social networking is the significant strength of peer pressure created (Larson, Eccles & Mahoney, 2006). The young people are recipients and creators of massive unsupervised and uncontrolled information. The information provided is significant in creating perception that may be negative in the young minds (Sonia, 2008). Wang, Tchernev & Solloway (2012) point out that social media has minimized the effectiveness of physical social interaction. The modern day youth rarely take part in the creation of relationships in the offline world. This creates a social gap in the age group. Youths in social networks often provide personal information in online sites. The information may be used for negative purposes. In an argument by Ruddock (2013) the access private information is an extreme negative aspect of social

Thought Paper on Dahl Book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thought Paper on Dahl Book - Essay Example Two main themes stand out from Dahl’s analysis – his look at the ‘profound ignorance’ (p.7) of the Framers of America’s future, and thus the need to periodically amend it, and the fact that it has not been adopted by other democratic countries. Dahl begins with the basics, asking why we should uphold the Constitution, and stating that his aim ‘is not to propose changes in the American Constitution but to suggest changes in the way we think about our constitution’ (p.1). His book starts on the right note by immediately admitting the imperfection of American constitutional arrangements – at the Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia, Rhode Island sent no delegates, while those from New Hampshire arrived weeks late. Not only was this an irregular start, but Dahl rightly asks why Americans should still feel bound to a document signed by only 39 men, some of whom owned slaves. When Dahl notes that there had never since been a r eferendum on it, one wonders if perhaps there should have been. Dahl is not unduly harsh to the Framers of the Constitution, recognizing that they were a product of their times, and that ‘Judged from later, more democratic perspectives’, the document has many shortcomings (p. 15). However, given this fact, Dahl is right that Americans should look upon it as the work of mortal men, and a practical and changing document, rather than a sacred text to be preserved. For example, with slavery, it was clear that the delegates from the southern states would never accept anything which didn’t allow slavery to continue, and so it was allowed for the sake of a strong federal government. Again, with the unequal representation in the Senate – a point which arises repeatedly in Dahl’s work as a weak point of the Constitution – the smaller states would never have accepted anything less than equal representation with the larger states. There is a tendency to assume that, because the Constitution retains the support of most Americans, and because of the idealistic portrayal of its origins, its status as a basically good document need not be questioned. What is most striking about Dahl’s work is his comparison of the American Constitution with that of other countries with a strong democratic tradition, out of which comes one major point – if the American Constitution was such a wonderful document, surely it would have been adapted by other countries seeking a democratic model. As Dahl himself writes, ‘Many Americans appear to believe that our constitution has been a model for the rest of the democratic world’, but of the 22 other democracies analyzed, America is unique (p.41). Some countries share some aspects of the US constitution, such as its federalism, or its strong judicial review mechanisms, but none has several key features in common. Especially interesting in this regard is the American presidential sy stem, which allows for a uniquely powerful head of state, who, since the office is now filled by popular election, is like ‘a monarch and prime minister rolled into one’ (p.72). We must agree with the author that such a powerful position does not really seem appropriate in a modern democracy. However, this is not the worst of the defects of the constitution as it now stands. More

International Sports Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Sports - Assignment Example All these problems were because of insufficient funds and resources to equip the facilities and reward the participants. The Olympic sponsorship began in various nations like Greece, where its cities could sponsor participants. They played various roles that included the provision of equipment, trainers, and athletic facilities. Some of the major sponsors include Xerox Company, Lenovo Computer Company, and Kodak. The sponsors from different nations came into improve international sports like Olympics. In addition, the rewards given to the participants were improved, and the participants were motivated to perform well in the sports. On the other hand, the officials were comfortable in delivering their duties when organizing the Olympics. It is important to realize that the Olympic sponsorship contributed much in employing experts who could deliver quality services to improve sports in a professional manner. Technology was also brought in through the Olympic sponsorship where various a ctivities like timing were improved by dropping manual system of recording (Bravo & Maclntosh, 2011). The International Olympic Committee and the Olympic Partners received various mutual benefits from the sponsorship. In this regard, the interdependence and interconnection between the participating nations and sponsors was enhanced. Olympic Games also received substantial profits and smooth movement of the Olympics. The major challenges that International Sports such as Olympic went through is over-commercialization and ambush marketing. This led to the formation of marketing initiative where a limited number of sponsors would be given special benefits and treatment. CRITIQUE The relationship between Olympic Games and sponsorship is longstanding. The first Olympic Games initiated it in 776 BC. It is noteworthy that the cities in ancient Greece started by sponsoring participants through provision of training kits, trainers, and some athletic facilities. At the time, the winners toget her with their cities were awarded only Olive leaves but their performance made them be renowned (Bravo & Maclntosh, 2011). The first modern Olympics were in Athens in 1896 where most of the donations were from private organizations like Kodak. International marketing was first shown by Games in Helsinki where eleven companies came in to give support like flowers for participants winning medals and food for athletes. The number of sponsors increased gradually that, by 1976 in Montreal Olympics, the sponsors and suppliers were 628. Although, there were many sponsors, financial status was still a disaster for the hosting city and the organizers. This made the organizing committee implement marketing program where 34 sponsors, 64 suppliers, and 65 licensees were introduced together with sponsor hospitality centers for the first time. This marketing program enabled the organizing committee to allow corporate sponsors to associate themselves with the Olympic movement in different ways. O lympic sponsorship enabled the International Organizing Committee to realize that corporate sponsors provided substantial profits to the Olympic movement. These profits are important for the expansion of activities and space used during the Olympic Games (Bravo & Maclntosh, 2011). In addition, the funds can be used to improve the reward schemes offered to the winners and their respective States. This will motivate them hence make them improve their performance. The

Target Market for Points.com- One card Research Paper

Target Market for Points.com- One card - Research Paper Example The above represent loyalty programs that grant purchasers additional value. Evidently, point credit assists customer to obtain addition value from the organizations (Marketing donut, 2011). Understanding the market and consumer prospects of Point.com will require an initial analysis of what the organization entails. Point.Com fundamentally seeks to consolidate mileage allowance of its clientele. Therefore, an individual seeking to benefit from the service of this organization requires to launch an account with the organization. Evidently, the organization target individuals that receive mileage rewards. Consequently, this organization endeavour to consolidate the different mileage that their clientele receive. Additionally, the entity target individual with inability to track their rewards. Therefore, Point.com manages its clientele’s rewards. Additionally, ensuring that the clientele accomplish elite status consequently, earning better rewards. Point.com also converts rewar ds to point and finally to monetary value, which the customer can cash. Notably, Point.coms’ clientele pay certain charges for the management of their accounts with the organization and conversion of the rewards and mileage (Uncles & Dowling, 1997). Point.com has a specific target market, which is constituted by the clientele of airlines and hotels. It is exigent to estimate the target market since it encompasses clientele of the service industry firms. However, accomplishment of Point.com’s objective to dominate the market depends on its capacity to manage the clientele’s rewards. Ultimately, the firm has the compulsory resources to dominate the loyalty management sector since it is not capital intensive. Acquiring a substantial market proportion will require considerable time duration since the industry is expanding gradually. Additionally, the entity does not possess a robust marketing program. The above smart analysis reveals that Point.com

Airbus Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Airbus - Term Paper Example Airbus is a company in the aerospace industry, dealing with the manufacture of aircraft in the division of Airbus Group. Headquartered in Blagnac France, Airbus has established its manufacturing and production facilities in many other countries around the globe, with the most identifiable including German, Spain, and the United Kingdom (Norris and Wagner, 1999). According to the latest statistics, the company was able to produce 626 airlines in 2013. Three individuals namely; Bernard Lathià ¨re, Roger Bà ©teille, and Henri Ziegler founded the company in 1970. Over the years, the company’s success has been realized mainly due to the contributions of two key individuals; Fabrice Bregier, the chief executive officer and Gunter Butscheck, the chief operating officer. As at 2008, the company’s revenue was at Euros 33.10 billion. Despite diversifying their operations into many different countries, Airbus deals solely in the manufacture of commercial airlines as its only product. As at the moment, the company has 63,000 employees in its sixteen different working sites in the different countries in which the company had built its production and manufacture facilities. Currently, Airbus is considered as the world’s manufacture of the largest passenger airliner the A380 (Norris and Wagner, 1999). It is the desire of many businesses to expand to different regions that show potential success opportunities. In such a perspective, Airbus has been able to establish expansive opportunities in many different countries in the world. One of the countries is China. China is currently one of the developed countries in the world, and therefore, experiencing significant changes in terms of the business ventures (Som, 2009). The substantive rise economically by China has mainly been attributed to changes the country has made in its political and economic systems. With the current manner in which China develops

Advertising PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising - PowerPoint Presentation Example Total investment in advertising media has been forecasted to be USD 558.4 billion by the year 2016 (Neoadvertising, 2011). There are several challenges that the advertisers face when marketing their products. Advertising is a costly affair and thus it increases the cost of the product. It at times misleads the public and also creates dissatisfaction among them (The Guardian, 2012). Junk food can be referred as an informal expression that is used for food. It does not have much nutritional values. It has been observed that junk foods have negative impacts upon the health of the people (Nawathe & et. al., 2007). Government has stated that the junk food marketers must not advertise their products to the kids because such advertisements may attract the kids and may create harm to their health. Although several efforts are being made to reduce such marketing towards the children, there has been rise in the fast food advertisement aimed towards 2-to-18 years’ old children (Noguchi, 2012). The main marketers that tend to advertise their products to the teens are McDonald’s, KFC, Subway, Domino’s, Taco Bell, Burger King and Dunkin’s Donut. These companies target the teens because they are heavy users of social networking sites, cell phone messages as well as games. Therefore, targeting them becomes easier (Melnick, 2010). The main objective of the advertising done by the fast food marketers is to stimulate brand affinity that begins at early age. Most of the marketers advertise targeting at parents as well with the perception that greater exposure held by parents will lead to more routine fast food dining (Melnick, 2010) It has been noted that in the year 2002, a group of over-weight children filed a complaint against McDonald’s from New York. They stated that certain food products of the company lead to several diseases such as over-weight,

News As a Show Essay Example for Free

News As a Show Essay The mass media have provoked an important change in the way to inform. According to Jose Alberto Garcia Aviles (2003) www.boletinbit.tv/noticias/archivo/bit44_infotainment.htm the mix of information and entertainment is not a new phenomenon, it is known with the name of infotainment. The problem of this is that the majority of the news have become in a show. The main consequence of infotainment is that the information becomes in a business, where the citizens are the consumers. The Companies of Audiovisual information observes the target. Its objective is get much more audience to obtain much more money and to have less competence. My hypothesis about the news as a show is focused in catastrophes, accidents or personal tragedies inside TV, since these are the clearest example to know why nowadays the news are treated as a show. According to C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net the news about catastrophes, accidents or personal tragedies provokes an emotional alteration towards people and the journalists. This kind of news creates public interest by means of solidarity and pain or morbid curiosity. The people have the need to know what has happened because they have a proximity feeling, of this way the Audiovisual Companies create a demand of information. The journalists and the Audiovisual Companies have the power of information. They have a big responsibility about this topic because they are who decide: to present a straight report on the events of the day or to broadcast the news as a show. To obtain more audience, they broadcast morbid images about catastrophes because they have much more impact in the persons. There are a connection between the morbid images and the proximity of people. If they emit these images, they get much more audience, as soon as it is a strategy of market because it is a way to compete with the others TV channels. My hypothesis studies the responsibility that the journalists and the audiovisual Companies have when they inform about tragic events. The problem is that while ones have right to inform and to be informed, others have right to hide its intimacy. The journalists and the Audiovisual Companies have to know the allowed limit to record a tragic event. They must minimize the effects of disaster and they must have conscience about the repercussion of its activity. REPERCUSSION The image is more impact than the voice. For this reason, the broadcasted news through TV affects much more to people. The journalists responsibility in TV is bigger than in others mass media; because a shocking image is very difficult forget it. The problem is that these images can be harmful to the victims, family, citizen, etc. If the broadcasted image is very morbid, provably it will have a seriously repercussion toward the family. Example: a morbid image of a boy hurt seriously in a war. Is very different to know that this boy has died, than see him to die. The family must be informed but it doesnt deserve more pain. SOLUTIONS The journalists and Audiovisual Companies must find the balance between right to inform and right to the intimacy when they emit information and images about catastrophes, accidents or personal tragedies. According to C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net the journalists have the obligation to inform to people about their right to the intimacy. Sometimes the people dont know it and the journalists make the most of them. Others times the Authorities, who should inform, dont do it, therefore the journalists look for victims and affected people to cover the news. Informing about this topic is not easy, for that reason the Audiovisual Companies should help and give to the journalists, moral support to guarantee good information. Another possible solution could be dont emit information constantly because it can increase the tragic effects. As well, they should shun the repeated use of the same images and the information that doesnt contribute anything new. The journalists also should avoid the zooms, close-up, etc. because it implies much more to the people. The lexical used in the news is very important. They shouldnt use adjectives, common places. of a dramatic manner because it can frighten to the people. The broadcast of images reflecting hunger, pain, bitterness, poverty, etc. can provoke moral damages. Violent images EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES The most dominant mass media is the TV. The image is an important factor inside TV because a bad use of this can cause a lot of consequences. When the journalists inform about tragedies, many times broadcast very violent images. According to Potter (1999), this can provoke immediate effects or long-term effects: IMMEDIATE EFFECTS 1. DISINHIBITION: it is a behavioural effect (Potter, 1999). This effect is related with justification of violence. Potter et al. (1999, p.90) notes that: Retaliatory motives, such as revenge, appear to be the strongest in leading to disinhibition. The causal path may go from motives to justification to disinhibition. That is, when a motive legitimates the violence, that violence is regarded as justified, and viewers are more likely to exhibit a disinhibition effect. One of the most important features of the news is the objectivity. Its not the same to explain news from the point of view of society than from the perpetrator. The National Television Study, (in Potter, 1999) say that: Much of the violence is justified. It is because sometimes the violent news is broadcasted from the point of view of the perpetrator. Potter and Ware, 1987 (in Potter, 1999) affirm that: The amount of justification changes depending on the perspective from which it is judged. Potter and Ware (1987) found that 93% of violent instances were justified from the perspective of the perpetrator, not by society. Therefore, the point of view can determine the opinion of people. When the tragedies are justified, provoke to people a feeling of disinhibition because they can get to understand the perpetrator attitude. 2. FEAR: it is an emotional effect (Potter, 1999). The violent images can alter the life behaviour of people because this can create fear. The fear can cause a mental disorder and it can have serious consequences. The people live scared, thinking that they could be the next victims. 3. DESENSITIZATION: every day appears much more violence in the news. As a consequence, people get into the habit to see violent images. This habit provokes a lack of sensibility. People lose sensibility towards violent images. LONG-TERM EFFECTS 1. AGGRESSIVENESS: it is a behavioural effect (Potter, 1999). Potter et al. (1999, p.42) notes that: Exposure to violent portrayals in the media increases subsequent viewer aggression. The violence, doesnt affect of the same way to all people. It depends on the persons, family, background social, etc. There are people who are more sensitive towards violence and they can imitate it. The TV is a powerful mass media and it not only entertain also teaches us. The violent images of the TV can transmit aggressiveness to the people; even people can learn to behave aggressively (Potter, 1999). THE PRIMARY EFFECTS *According to Liebert an Schwartzberg, 1977 (in Potter, 1999) the direct imitation and disinhibition are primary effects. *According to The National Television Violence Study, 1997-1998 (in Potter, 1999) learning, desentization and fear also are primary effects. Violent images SITUATION IN ENGLAND AND OTHER COUNTRIES Many studies show that in the whole world there is a high index of violence in the television, and it is exposed of an antisocial manner (Potter, 1999). Potter et al. (1999, p.56) notes that: The United States leads the world in the prevalence of violence on television. Violence is less prevalent on TV in countries other than the United States. William, 1982 (in Potter, 1999) found: 18.5 acts of aggression per hour in North American Television. Furthermore the aggressive scenes were longer (Potter, 1999). Great Britain has a lot of violence in the news. According to Broadcasting Standards Council, 1993 (in Potter, 1999) The highest rate was found on national news (7,5 scenes per hour). According to Kapoor, 1994 (in Potter, 1999) Korea has very few violence compare to other countries since in general it has less than 8%. By other hand, according to Mustonen and Pulkkinen, 1993 (in Potter, 1999) Finland has the rate highest of violence in cartoons. It is because the majority of imported programs come of North America (Potter, 1999). Mustonen and Pulkkinen, 1993 (in Potter, 1999) say that: They attributed much of the aggression to importation from other countries According to Goonasekera Lock, 1990 (in Potter, 1999) in Asia, although there is less violence in the TV, it is much more blood and gloried. In Japan, the rate of violence is very similar to the American ones (Potter, 1999). Iwao, de Sola Pool, Hagiwara, 1981b (in Potter, 1982) think that: In Japan, 2.3 min/hr were violent, compared with 2.4 in the United States. In this country there are much more verbal violence than physical violence. Normally, the physical scenes of violence show persons suffering. Japan, has the highest rate of violence in cartoons: 14.3 scenes per hour (Potter, 1999). According to C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net , in a Barcelona (Spain) local TV called BTV, the dominant topic inside news are the aggressions. This graph above shows the time for each new shown on TV. Violent images OPINIONS According to Lorry, 1997 (in Potter, 1999) a recent poll about the violence on TV shows that 70% of public opinion thinks that occasionally the violence on TV provokes people an aggressive behaviour. A U.S. News World Report (in Potter, 1999) poll found that: 92% of Americans think that the television contributes to violence in U.S. Bybee, Robinson, Turow, 1982 (in Potter, 1999) notes that: According to a poll of 500 college-level teachers and communication scholars, 66% believed that exposure to television increases aggressive behaviour. CONCLUSION According to CAC (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net, the professionals of the information have not a lot of references, which force them to adopt a critic attitude of their activity. Therefore the journalists responsibility is larger because they are who decide to broadcast the news as a show. The 11th and 12th of December, 2000 I went to a conference about informative treatment of personal tragedies that took place inside C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya). In this conference, many important people talked about the journalists responsibility, right to inform, right to intimacy, repercussion, effects, consequences, etc. During two days they talked about a personal tragedy: 28 children died as a consequence of an accident between a truck and a bus in Soria (Spain). The 30th of March 2002 two trains crash face to face in Torredembarra (Spain). When that news was reported, every channel offered different information about the catastrophe. For example: while ones reported that there were 3 dead and 60 injured, others stated that there werent any dead and the injured were just 51. The journalists must assume the difficulty of their work. They have so much responsibility that they cant commit this kind of mistakes because the consequences can be huge. According to the law, the intimacy is a right. Although the journalists and the Audiovisual Companies know it, most of them dont respect it. The main problem is that although the affected people sue them, the problem doesnt disappear. The Audiovisual Companies think: if the affected people sue us, we would lose 70 millions. Ok! We will get 90 millions if we broadcast the violent images, therefore its better for us! Then my question is: what should a mother do if she sees how journalists record her dead son and she knows that although she can sue them, they will continue getting money thanks to it? BIBLIOGRAFY WEBS RESOURCES www.audiovisualcat.net/ http://www.boletinbit.tv/noticias/archivo/bit44_infotainment.htm BOOKS Potter, W. J. (1999) On Media Violence. United States: Sage Publications, Inc. JUDITH NAVARRO J0274939 BROADCAST JOURNALISM PHILIP CROOKES 9TH OF DECEMBER

Academic term Essay Example for Free

Academic term Essay Please check with me to make sure that I will be in my office before you make a trip to the campus. My office hours are variable, so an appointment is advisable. We will be using ELearning this semester as our main form of class communication. Please check ELearning weekly for updates, presentation materials, handouts and assignments. Course Pre-requisites, Co-requisites, and/or Other Restrictions ACCT 6330-Intermediate Financial Accounting I Course Description This course introduces the basic concepts, philosophy, standards, procedures, and practices of auditing. Topics include generally accepted auditing standards, the changing role of the independent auditor, professional conduct and ethics, auditor’s reporting responsibilities, risk assessment, internal control, evidential matter and management fraud. *VIDEO AND AUDIO RECORDING DURING CLASS IS NOT PERMITTED WITHOUT PRIOR APPROVAL. Course Syllabus Page 1 Student Learning Objectives/Outcomes This course has four primary learning objectives: Learning Goals/Objectives Learning Outcome/Assessment Develop an understanding of auditing Selected Readings, assignment questions, and assurance services: exam questions, case analysis. See more: Satirical essay about drugs Develop an understanding of the professional Case Analysis, assignment questions, and ethical responsibilities in auditing. exam questions. Develop an understanding of an auditor’s Case Analysis, assignment questions, reporting obligations and responsibilities. exam questions. Develop an understanding of the process Case Analysis, Readings, and completion used by independent external auditors in of a research project. performing a financial audit. Required Textbooks and Materials Textbook: Auditing and Assurance Services, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill Irwin, by Louwers, Ramsay, Sinason, Strawser and Thibodeau. Course Syllabus Page 2 Assignments Academic Calendar: ACCT 6334 COURSE OUTLINE WK DAY DATE TOPIC CHAPTER / MODULE CASE 1 M 08/25 Course Introduction W 08/27 Auditing and Assurance Services 1 2 M W 09/01 09/03 Holiday – NO CLASS UTD CLOSED Auditing and Assurance Services 1 3 M W 09/08 09/10 Professional Standards Engagement Planning 2 3 Company selection due 4 M W 09/15 09/17 Management Fraud Management Fraud 4 4 2. 52 p. 68 5 M W 09/22 09/24 Enron Video EXAMINATION I 6 M 09/29 Internal Control 5 W 10/01 Internal Control 5 7 M W 10/06 10/08 Assurance and Other Services Overview of Sampling A E. 8 M W 10/13 10/15 Employee Fraud and the Audit of Cash Employee Fraud and the Audit of Cash 6 64. 62 p. 164 9 M W 10/20 10/22 WorldCom Video EXAMINATION II 10 M 10/27 NO CLASS – LIBRARY DAY W 10/29 Revenue and Collection Cycle 7 11 M W 11/03 11/05 Revenue and Collection Cycle Acquisition and Expenditure Cycle 7 85. 61 p. 215 12 M W 11/10 11/12 Completing the Audit Video ZZZZ Best Carpet Cleaning 11 13 M W 11/17 11/19 Reports on Audited Financial Stmts. Review – Paper Due 12 *Paper Due* 14 M W 11/24 11/26 Winter Break – No Classes Winter Break – No Classes 16 M 12/01 Presentations 17 W M W 12/03. 12/08 12/10 Presentations Presentations EXAMINATION III *Research projects are due and presentation materials must be uploaded. Course Syllabus Page 3 Grading Policy, Exams and Assignments Exams: There will be three examinations in this course. These examinations are not cumulative, and the format of each exam will be multiple choice. You will need an 882 Scantron for each exam. Case Assignments: You will be assigned three cases from selected chapters. Each case is valued at 25 points. The case assignments will be graded on clarity of thought process, grammar, spelling and technical content. All  assignments must be typed and must use Standard English with correct grammar and punctuation. The case assignments are due at the beginning of class. NO EXCEPTIONS. If for any reason, you are unable to attend class on the day a case assignment is due, assignments will be accepted by email (preferably attached as a MS Word or Excel File) as long as the case arrives before 8:30 a. m. on the due date. Do not email case assignments unless you are unable to attend class. Cases are always due on Wednesday. Research Project: Each student team will select an SEC reporting company and complete a research project on that  company. The project will include a written paper along with a presentation at the end of the semester. The purpose of the project is to familiarize you with the overall process of auditing a public company. The specific requirements for the project along with the grading standards will be outlined in class. ALL STUDENTS MUST ATTEND ALL PRESENTATIONS OR YOU WILL RECEIVE A 50% REDUCTION IN YOUR RESEARCH PAPER GRADE. YOU MUST BE IN ATTENDANCE FOR ALL PRESENTATIONS EVEN IF YOU ARE NOT PRESENTING. Your final score on the research project will be based upon how much work you  contributed to the overall project as determined by your teammates and the instructor. RESEARCH PAPER SUBMISSION INSTRUCTIONS: TURNITIN ELEARNING RESEARCH PAPER SUBMISSION INSTRUCTIONS THE RESEARCH PAPER WILL BE SUBMITTED AND EXAMINED THROUGH THE INTEGRATED PLAGIARISM DETECTION TOOL CALLED TURNITIN. PLEASE FIND THE TURNITIN ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION ICON ON THE DESIGNATED COURSE PAGE AND CLICK TO OPEN IT. YOU CAN CLICK THE ASSIGNMENT TITLE TO VIEW THE ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION. TO SUBMIT YOUR FILE, PLEASE CLICK THE SUBMIT ICON, ON THE NEXT PAGE, SELECT THE OPTION OF â€Å"FILE UPLOAD† (OR â€Å"CUT AND PASTE†), ENTER THE SUBMISSION TITLE, CLICK BROWSE TO  LOCATE YOUR FILE AND CLICK SUBMIT BUTTON. YOU CAN THEN REVIEW (CLICK â€Å"CANCEL, GO BACK† IF NEEDED) AND CONFIRM YOUR SUBMISSION. (NOTE: ONLY ONE SINGLE FILE MAY BE SUBMITTED. SOME COMMON FILE TYPES ACCEPTED ARE: WORD, HTML, PDF, TXT AND RTF. ) YOU CAN GO BACK TO THE ASSIGNMENT PAGE TO CHECK THE ORIGINALITY REPORT (SHOWING THE PERCENTAGE OF SIMILARITY MATCH AND THE SOURCES DETECTED) WHEN IT BECOMES AVAILABLE. PLEASE NOTE IT MAY TAKE SOME TIME FOR TURNITIN TO GENERATE THE ORIGINALITY REPORT ESPECIALLY DURING THE SEMESTER END BUSY TIME. FOR OVERWRITTEN OR RESUBMITTED PAPER, IT TAKES 24 HOURS. FOR MORE INFORMATION AND ASSISTANCE ON USING TURNITIN, PLEASE GO TO: HTTP://WWW. TURNITIN. COM/STATIC/TRAINING. HTML. Course Syllabus Page 4 Grades: Your final grade in this course will be determined as follows: Examination 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 100 points Examination 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 100 points Examination 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 100 points Assigned Cases†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 75 points Research Project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 100 points TOTAL 475 points Translation of the total score into a letter grade will be based on the instructor’s judgment. The letter grade will reflect each student’s performance relative to the class and standards expected of  graduate students. Each exam is equally weighted and the course grade is determined based on a straight scale. The straight scale is follows: 100-90% A 89-80% B 79-70% C 69%-0 F The grade of D is not available for Graduate level courses. Course Instructor Policies Regarding Attendance, Homework and Make Up Exams Attendance: Attendance for every class is expected. It is critical to your success that you attend each class and take notes during the lectures. You should come to class prepared, which means that you should have read the assigned material. Office hours are not a substitute for coming to class;  accordingly, I will not go over material covered in class with you if you have missed class. As a courtesy to others, please turn off your cellular phones while in the classroom. ALL STUDENTS MUST ATTEND ALL RESEARCH PROJECT PRESENTATIONS OR YOU WILL RECEIVE A 50% REDUCTION IN YOUR RESEARCH PAPER GRADE. YOU MUST BE IN ATTENDANCE FOR ALL PRESENTATIONS EVEN IF YOU ARE NOT PRESENTING. Homework: I suggest that you work all of the â€Å"Multiple-Choice Questions† for each chapter. While there will be no points allocated to homework other than the case assignments, there is a direct correlation  between working problems and performing successfully on examinations. I will periodically post selected solutions to Chapter problems in ELearning. Makeup Exams: Makeup exams are given only for excused absences, which must be determined prior to the exam. Excused absences may be given for verifiable medical or family emergencies. Written documentation must be provided to qualify for an â€Å"excused absence†. The medical Course Syllabus Page 5 documentation must specifically state that you could not attend the exam on the day of the exam due to your illness and must be signed by a licensed physician.  Students who do not show up for an exam without making arrangements with me prior to the exam will receive a zero. All documentation evidencing your absence from an exam is due within 5 business days of the missed exam and you must make up the missed exam within 7 business days of the absence. For example if the missed class were on Wednesday night the 10th, you would have until Friday the 19th to complete the makeup. If the documentation is not received within the 5 days and the exam is not completed within the 7 day window, a zero is awarded to the student. The determination of  an â€Å"acceptable† excuse is solely up to the instructors discretion. Also, it is solely the students responsibility to communicate with the instructor regarding these issues and it is solely the students responsibility to ensure that the instructor is receiving the communication and any documentation. You should use email as the main form of communication, either within eLearning or using my UTD email address: chris. [emailprotected] edu . Also, the student must verify that the instructor has received the appropriate documentation within the 5 day window and must have verification that they (the student) have made arrangements with the 7 day window to reschedule the exam. I do not guarantee that the level of difficulty of the makeup exam will be comparable to the exam given at the scheduled time. I will determine the date and time of the makeup exam, and you must make arrangements to take it at that time. Field Trip Policies Off-campus Instruction and Course Activities Off-campus, out-of-state, and foreign instruction and activities are subject to state law and University policies and procedures regarding travel and risk-related activities. Information  regarding these rules and regulations may be found at the website address http://www. utdallas. edu/BusinessAffairs/ Travel_Risk_Activities. htm. Additional information is available from the office of the school dean. Below is a description of any travel and/or risk-related activity associated with this course. Student Conduct Discipline The University of Texas System and The University of Texas at Dallas have rules and regulations for the orderly and efficient conduct of their business. It is the responsibility of each student and each student organization to be knowledgeable about the rules and regulations which govern  student conduct and activities. General information on student conduct and discipline is contained in the UTD publication, A to Z Guide, which is provided to all registered students each academic year. The University of Texas at Dallas administers student discipline within the procedures of recognized and established due process. Procedures are defined and described in the Rules and Regulations, Board of Regents, The University of Texas System, Part 1, Chapter VI, Section 3, and in Title V, Rules on Student Services and Activities of the university’s Handbook of Operating Procedures. Copies of these rules and regulations are available to students in the Office of the Dean of Students, where staff members are available to assist students in interpreting the rules and regulations (SU 1. 602, 972/883-6391). A student at the university neither loses the rights nor escapes the responsibilities of citizenship. He or she is expected to obey federal, state, and local laws as well as the Regents’ Rules, university regulations, and administrative rules. Students are subject to discipline for violating the standards of conduct whether such conduct takes place on or  off campus, or whether civil or criminal penalties are also imposed for such conduct. Academic Integrity The faculty and administration of the School of Management expect from our students a high level of responsibility and academic honesty. Because the value of an academic degree depends upon the absolute integrity of the work done by the student for that degree, it is imperative that a student demonstrate a high standard of individual honor in his or her scholastic work. We want to Course Syllabus Page 6 establish a reputation for the honorable behavior of our graduates, which extends throughout their  careers. Both your individual reputation and the school’s reputation matter to your success. The Judicial Affairs website lists examples of academic dishonesty. Dishonesty includes, but is not limited to cheating, plagiarism, collusion, facilitating academic dishonesty, fabrication, failure to contribute to a collaborative project and sabotage. Some of the ways students may engage in academic dishonesty are: †¢Signing in for or answering on behalf of a student that is not present. †¢Collaboration on Quizzes and Testlets that are intended to be individual work  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Coughing and/or using visual or auditory signals in a test; †¢Concealing notes on hands, caps, shoes, in pockets or the back of beverage bottle †¢labels; †¢Writing in blue books prior to an examination; †¢Writing information on blackboards, desks, or keeping notes on the floor; †¢Obtaining copies of an exam in advance; †¢Passing information from an earlier class to a later class; †¢Leaving information in the bathroom; †¢Exchanging exams so that neighbors have identical test forms; †¢Having a substitute take a test and providing falsified identification for the substitute; †¢Fabricating data for lab assignments; †¢Changing a graded paper and requesting that it be regraded; †¢Failing to turn in a test or assignment and later suggesting the faculty member lost the †¢item; †¢Stealing another student’s graded test and affixing one’s own name on it; †¢Recording two answers, one on the test form, one on the answer sheet; †¢Marking an answer sheet to enable another to see the answer; †¢Encircling two adjacent answers and claiming to have had the correct answer; †¢Stealing an exam for someone in another section or for placement in a test file; †¢Using an electronic device to store test information, or to send or receive answers for atest; †¢Destroying or removing library materials to gain an academic advantage; †¢Consulting assignment solutions posted on websites of previous course offerings; †¢Transferring a computer file from one person’s account to another; †¢Transmitting posted answers for an exam to a student in a testing area via electronic device; †¢Downloading text from the Internet or other sources without proper attribution; †¢Citing to false references or findings in research or other academic exercises; †¢Unauthorized collaborating with another person in preparing academic exercises. †¢Submitting a substantial portion of the same academic work more than once without written authorization from the instructor. Email Use The University of Texas at Dallas recognizes the value and efficiency of communication between faculty/staff and students through electronic mail. At the same time, email raises some issues concerning security and the identity of each individual in an email exchange. The university encourages all official student email correspondence be sent only to a student’s U. T. Dallas email address and that faculty and staff consider email from students official only if it originates from a  UTD student account. This allows the university to maintain a high degree of confidence in the identity of all individual corresponding and the security of the transmitted information. UTD furnishes each student with a free email account that is to be used in all communication with university personnel. The Department of Information Resources at U. T. Dallas provides a method for students to have their U. T. Dallas mail forwarded to other accounts. Course Syllabus Page 7 Withdrawal from Class The administration of this institution has set deadlines for withdrawal of any college-level courses. These dates and times are published in that semesters course catalog. Administration procedures must be followed. It is the students responsibility to handle withdrawal requirements from any class. In other words, I cannot drop or withdraw any student. You must do the proper paperwork to ensure that you will not receive a final grade of F in a course if you choose not to attend the class once you are enrolled. Student Grievance Procedures Procedures for student grievances are found in Title V, Rules on Student Services and Activities, of the university’s Handbook of Operating Procedures. In attempting to resolve any student grievance regarding grades, evaluations, or other fulfillments of academic responsibility, it is the obligation of the student first to make a serious effort to resolve the matter with the instructor, supervisor, administrator, or committee with whom the grievance originates (hereafter called â€Å"the respondent†). Individual faculty members retain primary responsibility for assigning grades and evaluations. If the matter cannot be resolved at that level, the grievance must be submitted in writing to the respondent with a copy of the respondent’s School Dean. If the matter is not resolved by the written response provided by the respondent, the student may submit a written appeal to the School Dean. If the grievance is not resolved by the School Dean’s decision, the student may make a written appeal to the Dean of Graduate or Undergraduate Education, and the deal will appoint and convene an Academic Appeals Panel. The decision of the Academic Appeals Panel is final. The results of the academic appeals process will be distributed to all involved parties. Copies of these rules and regulations are available to students in the Office of the Dean of  Students, where staff members are available to assist students in interpreting the rules and regulations. Incomplete Grade Policy As per university policy, incomplete grades will be granted only for work unavoidably missed at the semester’s end and only if 70% of the course work has been completed. An incomplete grade must be resolved within eight (8) weeks from the first day of the subsequent long semester. If the required work to complete the course and to remove the incomplete grade is not submitted by the specified deadline, the incomplete grade is changed automatically to a grade of F. Disability Services. The goal of Disability Services is to provide students with disabilities educational opportunities equal to those of their non-disabled peers. Disability Services is located in room 1. 610 in the Student Union. Office hours are Monday and Thursday, 8:30 a. m. to 6:30 p. m. ; Tuesday and Wednesday, 8:30 a. m. to 7:30 p. m. ; and Friday, 8:30 a. m. to 5:30 p. m. The contact information for the Office of Disability Services is: The University of Texas at Dallas, SU 22 PO Box 830688 Richardson, Texas 75083-0688 (972) 883-2098 (voice or TTY) Essentially, the law requires that colleges and universities make those reasonable adjustments  necessary to eliminate discrimination on the basis of disability. For example, it may be necessary to remove classroom prohibitions against tape recorders or animals (in the case of dog guides) for students who are blind. Occasionally an assignment requirement may be substituted (for example, a research paper versus an oral presentation for a student who is hearing impaired). Classes enrolled students with mobility impairments may have to be rescheduled in accessible facilities. Course Syllabus Page 8 The college or university may need to provide special services such as registration, note-taking, or  mobility assistance. It is the student’s responsibility to notify his or her professors of the need for such an accommodation. Disability Services provides students with letters to present to faculty members to verify that the student has a disability and needs accommodations. Individuals requiring special accommodation should contact the professor after class or during office hours. Religious Holy Days The University of Texas at Dallas will excuse a student from class or other required activities for the travel to and observance of a religious holy day for a religion whose places of worship are  exempt from property tax under Section 11. 20, Tax Code, Texas Code Annotated. The student is encouraged to notify the instructor or activity sponsor as soon as possible regarding the absence, preferably in advance of the assignment. The student, so excused, will be allowed to take the exam or complete the assignment within a reasonable time after the absence: a period equal to the length of the absence, up to a maximum of one week. A student who notifies the instructor and completes any missed exam or assignment may not be penalized for the absence. A  student who fails to complete the exam or assignment within the prescribed period may receive a failing grade for that exam or assignment. If a student or an instructor disagrees about the nature of the absence [i. e. , for the purpose of observing a religious holy day] or if there is similar disagreement about whether the student has been given a reasonable time to complete any missed assignments or examinations, either the student or the instructor may request a ruling from the chief executive officer of the institution, or his or her designee. The chief executive officer or designee must take into account the legislative  intent of TEC 51. 911(b), and the student and instructor will abide by the decision of the chief executive officer or designee. These descriptions and timelines are subject to change at the discretion of the Professor. Your final grade in the class is also subject to the discretion of the Professor based upon your earned grades and your conduct during the semester which could include; attendance, conduct during the semester, failure to communicate with the professor or your teammates and the work product expected of a Graduate student as compared to others in the class.

What makes an effective teacher?

What makes an effective teacher? David Camerons Conservative Party recently stated that the Tories will be brazenly elitist about candidates entering the teaching profession as they believe that qualifications make a good teacher. [REF]. However, research shows that a teachers personal characteristics and teaching styles can also be attributed to effective teaching. In 1992, Professor Caroline Gipps, Vice-Chancellor at the University of Wolverhampton and leading expert in educational assessment and learning, published What We Know About effective Primary Teaching. The document suggests that a successful primary teacher: Focuses on the whole class rather than individuals Teaches the whole class while offering help to individuals, or co-operative work where children help each other Teach one subject at a time Praise children as much as possible Have high expectations Encourage challenging talk rather than quiet busy work Use a variety of teaching styles Allow children some independence and be democratic rather than autocratic about work and discipline Matches work to a childs ability Effective teaching is a subject that is repeatedly researched and studied. More recent research shows that good teachers demonstrate a number of characteristics, but there are certain characteristics that underlie the effectiveness of teachers such as empathy and a willingness to work hard. Some people are described as being born to teach, but the personal and moral characteristics needed to be an effective teacher can be developed through practice, watching other effective teachers and learning from their technique. A study carried out by Santrock [2001] identified the main characteristics of effective teachers: CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE TEACHERS Characteristic Total % 1. Has a sense of humour 79 2. Makes the class interesting 73 3. Has knowledge of their subject 70 4. Explains things clearly 66 5. Spends time to help students 65 6. Are fair to their students 61 7. Treats students like adults 54 8. Relates well to students 54 9. Are considerate of students feelings 51 10. Dont show favouritism towards students 46 Santrock, J. (2001) An Introduction to Educational Psychology, London: McGraw Hill, (p.10) Although subject knowledge is ranked third, the study overall shows that personal characteristics are key to effective teaching rather than qualifications. Classroom management is also an important factor as an average school week only provides 25 hours of teaching time with students. An effective teacher organises their students, time, environment and resources in a way that maximises learning opportunities. Effective teachers also motivate and encourage their students to work hard. Through regular assessment and looking closely as what a student is learning and what has been learnt, lessons can be planned accordingly. Teachers need to cater for the skills, abilities and interests of each student by matching work to the needs of the individual. This avoids giving tasks that are impossible to complete and to avoid giving tasks so easy that students learn nothing. Pedagogy: shared working atmosphere; awareness of the needs of each pupil; purposeful well organised classroom; celebration of successes. Need to know the needs of individuals and groups as well as how children learn. Most teachers teach facts, good teachers teach ideas, great teachers teach how to think. (Jonathon Pool). Teachers have to be facilitators: they cannot do the learning for the student. (Carl Rogers). A teacher who likes to explore a subject by using lots of activities can achieve the same success as one who prefers one activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ There is one aspect of personality that no teacher can do without: a willingness to learn and to reflect on teaching. (The Effective Teacher, p.10). Failing teachers often lack self awareness and do not quite know what they are doing or if what they are doing is right or wrong. They are defensive about their teaching methods and cannot take criticism, however constructive it is. [Ref] Define learning 250 Learning can be defined as The process of accumulation and change that marks our growing sense of knowledge. (p.14 The Effective Teacher). Different factors can affect learning and these include the child, the family, society, economy and social structure. Brofenbrenner looked at how children grow up and how that affects the learning process, then linked all of these factors together into his Ecological Systems Theory [1979]. His theory suggests that a childs development is influenced by the social contexts in which they live, with the three main contexts being a childs family, peers and school. The parent and child are placed at the centre of learning. 2. 1.Who the child spends most of their time with is identified and what positive and negative factors that has. 3. The general external factors that influence the learning environment are looked at. Constructivist approach to learning Recall; ability to remember information Understand the information Use or apply knowledge in new situations Break down and interpret information Putting things together; developing new ideas Assess effectiveness of whole concepts; critical thinkingBlooms Taxonomy is a classification of the levels of learning. The cognitive process identifies 6 levels of thought. Based on this theory, the learner has to reach one level before moving on to the next. When used correctly, Blooms Taxonomy can accelerate learning and elevate student interest and achievement, especially for slower learners. [Sousa, D. 2001] How the brain learns What makes an effective learner? 500 Understanding and thinking about how a person learns can enhance motivation and increase achievement. [REF ] A persons learning style is the way he or she concentrates on, processes, internalises and remembers new and difficult academic information or skills. Styles often vary with age, achievement level, culture, global versus analytic processing preference, and gender. [Shaughnessy, 1998]. It is often looked at in terms of a learners preference for visual, auditory and kinaesthetic ways of working. [Burton, 2007]. Encourages a learner to think about how he or she learns. Novice learner: Do not evaluate their comprehension Do not examine their comprehension Do not examine the quality of their work Do not make connections Expert learner: What is the relationship between teaching and learning? 500 Consider which is more important. Actual learning or actual teaching? Support argument with literature and wider reading. 500 There have been many arguments as to which side of the teaching and learning processes are more important. Child centred education the teacher gives the child opportunities to learn. Teacher centred stand and present what they know. Teacher centred education is a traditional approach to teaching where the teacher presents facts to the student by direct instruction. The teacher is at the centre and in charge. Student centred education is a more modern approach where the learner is at the centre of learning and the teacher acts as a facilitator, guiding the student and giving opportunities to learn. Bennett, 1976 Clinical Reasoning Case Study: Knee Osteoarthritis Clinical Reasoning Case Study: Knee Osteoarthritis Abstract Clinical reasoning is the thinking process that escorts clinical practice, it is a multifaceted skill. The aim of this report is to use clinical reasoning to comment on a case of medial compartment one-sided knee osteoarthritis. Using clinical reasoning, an outline of management and manual therapy are designed. Introduction Mendez and Neufeld (2003) defined clinical reasoning as a cognitive process aiming to understand the implications of patient data. It also aims to recognize and diagnose present concrete or latent patient problems, to make clinical well-judged choices to help in problem solving, and to result in encouraging patient outcomes. Factors affecting the outcomes of clinical reasoning can be internal factors linked to health professionals (knowledge, acquaintance with a particular case and their reasoning skills). Patient factors need skills to transfer facts, and explanation of disease condition and treatment alternatives. External factors include health institution potentials, profession-specific structure of treatment, and intricacy of the case (Mendez and Neufeld, 2003). Edwards and others (2004) suggested the following practices of clinical reasoning for a physiotherapist. Diagnostic reasoning, developing a diagnosis based on disability and its impact considering accompanying pain, pathological changes, and contributing factors to the disease. Descriptive reasoning is to understand the patients description and experiences about the disease. Procedural reasoning involves treatment decision making, while communication collaborative reasoning involves setting up a patient-therapist relationship and setting goals for treatment based on interpretation of investigations results. Predictive reasoning is foreseeing the treatment results, and ethical reasoning which needs understanding of the ethical questions about the conduct and goals of treatment. Possible causes and processes of the patients recent complaint: Based on the patients occupation, and history, knee Joint injury herald osteoarthritis in individuals who are in their 30s or 40s, osteoarthritis becomes obvious nearly in every other subject with a previous history of knee injury. A proper interpretation of the existing data infers that at 10 years after suffering an injury to the knee, an average of one third of patients display joint space narrowing on x-ray examination. Twenty years post injury, about half the individuals with history of injury shows similar changes (Roos, 2005). Arthroscopic procedures may cause postoperative knee pain and swelling enough to delay rehabilitative physiotherapy. This should not persist more than two weeks otherwise the patient will be at risk of complications mainly prolonged knee stiffness. (Reuben and Sklar, 2000). Many believe that changes in the knee joint in osteoarthritis reproduce the collective effects of mechanical stress rather than senile degeneration alone. Therefore, it is an occupational disease (Radin, 2004). Patients occupation activities are aggravating factors to develop knee osteoarthritis (Loomis, 2008). Based on the patients symptoms and physical examination findings, the patient may have had a cruciate ligament rupture or added meniscal injury. Because of negative ligament tests, tenderness over medial TFJ joint line, no tenderness of patella tendon, quads tendon, hams tendons insertions, MCL attachments or LCL attachments, and data suggesting positive McMurray manoeuvre. Besides the presence of mild effusion, it is most likely the patient suffers a meniscal injury (Dascola, 2005). Roos (2005) provided a model for the processes responsible for pain and development of osteoarthritis. He assumed the disease needs, being mechanically determined, increased or altered joint load as a precondition to its development. Therefore, joint injury, occupation and aging lead to development and progression of osteoarthritis in one of two possible pathways. First, deconditioning of the musculoskeletal, increased joint loads occur with pain and progression of osteoarthritis. Alternatively, joint instability, misalignment and defective proprioception result joint related changes leading to increased joint loads with pain and disease progression. The patients irritability: At this point, the patient anxiety is because of worsening of pain and movement limitation and worry that he will not be able to continue working or doing everyday activities without significant discomfort. Jinks and others (2007) suggested that a therapist should look at the first onset of joint pain as sign to try preventing future disability. Reasoned identification of need for caution and need for adjustments: Three cardinal patients findings call for caution and adjustment of assessment as they may need change in the plan of manual therapy. These are persistent pain for four months, reduced right knee extension in standing with slight varus deformity. Besides pain limiting knee movement in active and passive flexion and extension with pain and stiffness limiting lateral rotation and stiffness without pain limiting medial rotation. Plain radiography was done following Ottawa knee rules (Jackson and others, 2003) and showed the same findings as the one done two years earlier. The use of MRI in addition provides better prediction of the need for added treatment. Indication of MRI, in this case, is to evaluate pain as it persisted for more than 3-6 weeks (Oel and others 2005). In case MRI is not available, or not covered by insurance, knee ultrasonography can be helpful to assess knee effusion, integrity of tendon and MCL injuries and to rule out minimally displaced patellar cracks (Lin and o thers, 2000). Arthroscopy can be diagnostic and therapeutic for meniscal or ligaments injuries, removal of loose pieces of cartilage or bone. Besides intra-articular steroid injection can be given to manage pain, viscous supplementation, and arthroscopic debridement and washout can ease the mechanical symptoms (Gidwani and Fairbank, 2004). Factors that may be contributing to the patients presenting problems: The slowly developing knee swelling is matching with meniscal injury however, the therapist must consider associated mild ligament sprain. The absence of locking is against meniscal injury, but the giving way points to possible ligament injury or patellar sublaxation. The presence of anterior crepitus may point to ligament injury or patellar problems, however, the active and passive limited range of movement suggest an intra-articular problem (Smith, 2004). This calls to consider the possibility of having combined lesions on top of osteoarthritis. Three more points need communication with the patient, adjusting occupational activities (Loomis, 2008), return to swimming sport practice or perform water exercise being a low knee load exercise (Grainger and Cicuttini, 2004). Also, tell the patient with the potential side effects of NSAID and advice to use topical preparations with safer analgesics as paracetamol (Derbyshire County NHS, 2008). Developing a working hypothesis: According to the patients current situation, expectations, worries and good general health, and knowing the case is most likely to be knee medial compartment osteoarthritis the objectives of manual therapy should be (Technical Committee Physiotherapy Profession, 2003): Minimize pain Decrease disability and enhance functional ability, muscle strength, joint flexibility. Patient education to encourage better work activities, and regain interest in swimming sport. When to start manual treatment and what is the plane: Manual therapy portrays the physical therapist applying passive movements aiming to enhance joint motion and minimize stiffness. It includes passive range of movements, and muscle stretching techniques (Fitzgerald and Oatis, 2004).As this particular case needs a multidisciplinary approach that may involve surgery, manual therapy should start once the process of diagnosis and possible surgical interference finish. It may start in conjunction with pain relief physical therapies as thermotherapy, cryotherapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. The general rules of static stretching range of motion manual therapy are (Technical Committee Physiotherapy Profession, 2003): Twice weekly when pain and stiffness are least in 20-30 minutes sessions (Hoeksma and others, 2005). Better to be preceded by warm compresses. To be performed slowly and the range of motion extended to the limit of least subjective pain and resistance. Advice the patient to breath slowly during passive exercise. Hold the terminal stretch for 10-30 seconds. Passive exercises are continuously adjusted according to pain and the duration of holding the static position. Measuring the outcome: The Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) test is a self-report specific measure to assess pain and physical function. Validity of the test was investigated in many studies and showed high levels of consistency and test-retest reliability consistent with clinical practice (Stratford and Kennedy, 2004). The 6-minutes walk test is primarily endurance test originally developed to measure exercise capacity in cardiac and pulmonary patients. Test-retest reliability and responsiveness index (measures improvement after therapy) have been examined and found highly reliable (King and others, 2000). Patients perform these tests at baseline, on the 5th week, and later every 12 weeks of therapy (Hoeksma and others, 2005). Prognosis and expected improvement rate: Jinks and others (2007) stated the outcomes of osteoarthritis are poor quality of life, limited daily activities and disability. However, we know little about the primary influence of joint pain on disability in the older population; also we know little about if such influence is reversible if the pain improves. According to their results, Jinks and others (2007) inferred that decreased physical functions among knee osteoarthritis patients with pain shows how important this symptom is as a possible launching cause to decline of physical activities. Even those whose pain improves are occasionally able to regain their experienced levels of physical activities. The Ottawa Panel (2005) advised the combination of manual therapy and therapeutic exercises especially muscle strengthening exercises to achieve better improvement of pain and function in patients with osteoarthritis knee. Conclusion Clinical reasoning is on of the methods of applying evidence based practice in physiotherapy. A case of medial compartment right knee osteoarthritis presented with pain after minor exercise is subjected to clinical reasoning critical thinking. The case turned to be a multidisciplinary case that needs further investigation and possibly orthopaedic surgeon interference before manual physiotherapy begins. Using clinical reasoning skills and principles, the patients history and clinical findings were analysed, designing principles of a plane of manual therapy, measuring the outcome, and foreseeing prognosis and improvement rate were explained. References Dascola J S, 2005. Injury-related causes of acute knee pain. JAAPA, 18(7), 34-40. Derbyshire County NHS Primary Care Trust, Medicine Management Update, February 2008. Reviewing Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) Prescribing-an update on current issues [Online]. No 3. Available from: http://www.derbyshirecountypct.nhs.uk/content/files/key%20messages/NSAID%20UPDATE%20Feb%2008.pdf, [cited 11/07/2008] Edwards I, Jones MA, Carr J, et al, 2004. Clinical reasoning strategies in physical therapy. Physical Therapy, (84), 312-335. Fitzgerald G K and Oatis C, 2004. Role of physical therapy in management of knee osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol, (16), 143-147. Gidwani, S and Fairbank, A. 2004. Clinical review: The orthopaedic approach to managing osteoarthritis of the knee. BMJ 329: 1220-1224. Grainger R and Cicuttini F, 2004. Medical management of osteoarthritis of the knee and hip joints. MJA, (180), 232-236. Hoeksma H, Dekker J, Ronday H at al, 2005. Manual therapy is more efficient than exercise therapy for osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Care and Research, (51), 722-729. Jackson J L, OMalley, P G and Kroenke, K, 2003. Evaluation of Acute Knee Pain in Primary Care. Ann Intern Med, (139), 575-588. Jinks C, Jordan K and Croft, P, 2007. Osteoarthritis as a public health problem: the impact of developing knee pain on physical function in adults living in the community: (KNEST 3). Rheumatology, (46), 877-881. King M B, Judge J O, Whipple R and Wolfson L, 2000. Reliability and Responsiveness of Two Physical Performance Measure Examined in the Context of a Functional Training Intervention. Phys Ther, (80), 8-16. Lin, J, Fessell, D P, Jacobson, J A et al, 2000. An Illustrated Tutorial of Musculoskeletal Sonography: Part 3, Lower Extremity. AJR, (175), 1313-1321. Loomis D, 2008. Work in brief: Combining new tools with training may enhance ergonomic interventions. Occup. Environ Med., (65), 1. Mendez L and Neufeld J, 2003. Clinical Reasoning: What is it and why should I care? Ottawa, ON, Canada: CAOT Publications ACE. Oel, E H G, Nikken, J J, Ginal A Z, et al, 2005. Acute Knee Trauma: Value of a Short Dedicated Extremity MR Imaging Examination for prediction of Subsequent Treatment. Radiology, (234), 125-133. Ottawa Panel, 2005. Ottawa Panel Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Therapeutic Exercises and Manual Therapy in the Management of Osteoarthritis. Phys Ther, (85), 907-971. Radin E L., 2004. Who Gets Osteoarthritis and Why? The Journal of Rheumatology, (31)), (Supplement 70), 10-15. Reuben S S and Sklar J, 2000. Pain Management in Patients Who Undergo Outpatient Arthroscopic Surgery of the Knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am, (82), 1754-1765. Roos E M, 2005. Joint Injury Causes Knee Osteoarthritis in Young Adults. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 17(2), 195-200. Smith, C.C, 2004. Evaluating the Painful Knee: A Hands-on Approach to Acute Ligamentous and Mechanical Injuries. Adv Stud Med, (4(7)), 362-370. Stratford P W and Kennedy D M, 2004. Does parallel item content on WOMACs Pain and Function Subscales limit its ability to detect change in functional status. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, (5), 17-25. Technical Committee Physiotherapy Profession, 2003. Physiotherapy Care Protocol-OA Knee [Online]. Available from: http://www.mpa.net.my, Malaysian Physiotherapy Association.

Critique of Weltys A Worn Path Essay -- Eudora Welty, Essays on A Wor

â€Å"A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty, is the tale of an elderly black woman who shows an enormous amount of determination when it comes to helping her unceasingly ill grandson. Phoenix Jackson is the main character in Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path.† Throughout the story, Miss Phoenix Jackson travels the same path every day overcoming whatever obstacles she encounters as she strives along the path in the contribution of her grandson’s health, for he is whom Phoenix habitually travels this â€Å"worn path.† Furthermore, the story must be noted for its simplicity, and vast metaphoric symbolism. Welty uses the path and its obstacles as a form of inspirational aura, one could even say the path is a mirrored image of the difficulties one endures throughout life’s frightening journey. The obstacles are intended to portray the barriers, the risks, and the setbacks one may encounter from day to day life. Moving onward, one could easily compare â€Å"A Worn Path† to the life of the average person, and in-turn, the obstacles that individual must overcome in order to provide for his or her loved ones. For example, every individual follows the same routine daily in the conquest of life’s necessities and in the pursuit of happiness, just as Phoenix follows her ritual path day after day. Still, despite the prior verity that everyone travels down a habitual path nearly every day, this however, does not constitute the notion that the individual will encounter the exact same c ircumstances and obstacles daily. While some obstacles are there to stay, others may come and go allowing the individual to learn from his or her past experiences. What’s more is that one never knows what to expect from day to day life. Despite the element of surprise, on the other hand ... ...s, Phoenix isn’t a charity case at all, for she is far from this epitome. Phoenix accomplishes more in one day than most individuals could ever even dream of. â€Å"A Worn Path,† is an inspirational tale of the journey of an elderly woman who goes by the name of Phoenix Jackson. Miss Phoenix Jackson inspires all of us that we can endure and overcome life’s difficulties. In the story, Phoenix shows that with an immense amount of hope, sheer determination, and inexhaustible exertion, that anyone despite their physical and mental attributes can overcome and endure whatever obstacles are positioned in their way. Work Cited Welty, Eudora. â€Å"A Worn Path.† 1941. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts, Ed. Henry E. Jacobs. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2006. 110-15.

The Politics of Contemporary Approaches to Shakespeare Essays -- Postm

Abstract Postmodern performance of Shakespeare, particularity in film, is characterized by a subjective experience within the play not an objective experience from the play. Under postmodernism, Shakespeare undergoes theorizing, deconstruction, displacement or death of the author, textual criticism, and cultural and political relativism but fails to produce solid answers. Postmodern Shakepseare does not offer new meanings but new and more possibilities for contemplating meaning. This fails both the traditionalist who relishes in reviving universal meaning, and the progressive who relishes propagating their political diatribe. Traditionalists can give a sigh of relief that Shakespeare thrives in the postmodern age by way of a growing number of Shakespeare troupes and festivals, the reconstruction of the Globe Theater, websites, stage productions and film (Worthen 2). -----------------Paper begins here------------------- A number of years ago, Arizona State University denied tenure to the head of the graduate theater program because of his commitment to teaching acting through the classics, most prominently through the plays of William Shakespeare. The professor under controversy, Professor Jared Sakren, hailed from Juilliard. ASU had recruited him primarily to build a graduate acting department. An equation for success turned into a recipe for disaster. The feminists in the department had purposed to "kill off the classics." Sakren was told to stop teaching the "sexist" works of Shakespeare or to revise the ending to such plays as The Taming of the Shrew in order to appease women (Alexander). Accompanying these recommendations, Sakren was also asked to reduce the academic rigor of his program. His office was searched and... ...ristopher, Klooss, Wolfgang. Tier, Germany: Wissenschaftlicher, 2000. 185- 199. Makaryk, Irene. R. Encyclopedia of contemporary literary theory : approaches, scholars, terms. Toronto: Univeristy of Toronto Press, 1993. Neilson, William Allan and Charles Jarvix Hill, ed. The Complete Plays and Poems of William Shakespeare. Cambridge: The Riverside Press, 1942. Reinfandt, Christoph. "Reading Shakespeare Historically: 'Postmodern' Attitudes and the History Plays." Historicizing/Contemporizing Shakespeare: Essays in Honour of Rudolf BÃ ¶hm. Eds. Bode, Christopher, Klooss, Wolfgang. Tier, Germany: Wissenschaftlicher, 2000. p 73-89. Shaughnessy, Robert. "The Last Post: Henry V, War Culture and the Postmodern Shakespeare." Theatre Survey. 39:1 (1998): 41-61. Worthen, W.B. "Shakespeare and Postmodern Production: An Introduction." Theatre Survey. 39:1 (1998): 1-5.

Cry, the Beloved Country :: Cry the Beloved Country Essays

Cry, the Beloved Country In Cry, the Beloved Country, the author, Alan Paton used two main characters to present both the whites and Africans' point of view. James Jarvis, Paton's European characters experienced a subtle but yet also impacting transition; His indifference towards the evolving problems of the society later surprisingly transformed into the courage to take actions in solving these problems. Through his journey in Johannesburg, trying to understand his son's "liberal" view and witnessing a downfall of an African girl, Jarvis found out that his apathy only worsened the predicaments faced by his country; For he could not be a spectator after his son's death, Jarvis decided to "...about doing whatever good is within his power." However, Jarvis discovered that "such thing [helping Africans in anywhere he could] is not lightly done", but required boldness and determination to fulfill these goals. As the book II of Cry, the Beloved Country unfolded, Paton described Jarvis as a white British farmer looking down at the valley from his "high place", an narrow minded person who only saw things from his point of view, "... if they [Africans] got more land, and if by some chance they could make a living off from it, who would work on the white man's farm?". In his stay at Johannesburg, Jarvis learned that his recent murdered son, Arthur Jarvis who fought and spoke about the very problems of the society that his father ignores and avoids. "Yes, he [Arthur Jarvis] was always speaking here and there ... Native crime, and more native schools, and he kicked up a hell of a dust in the papers about the conditions at the noneuropean hospital.". Devastated by the death of his deceased son and confused by "this boy of his who had gone journeying in strange water", Jarvis found himself beginning to doubt his principles and moral. "I didn't know it would ever be so important to understand him [ Arthur Jarvis]" Indeed, Jarvis found that indifference is slowly degenerating the society around him, "...she went to the bad and started to brew liquor ...she was arrested and sent to jail... I do not know... And I do not care." Later, as Jarvis comes upon an essay written by his son, "From them [James and Mary Jarvis] I [Arthur Jarvis] learned all that a child should learn of honor and charity and generosity.

Jones Blair Case Analysis Essay

Decide where and how to deploy corporate marketing efforts among the various architectural painting coatings markets serviced by the company in the southwestern United States. Situation Assessment The US paint industry is a very mature market. The case goes as far to say that paint is can now be considered a commodity. There are 3 main sectors of the paint industry with 2, Architectural coatings and OEM coatings, holding more then 3 quarters of the market and Special purpose paints at 22% Being a mature industry they are not expecting any growth in sales figures except for the growth to stay inline with inflation. It would be useful to know where the 3 segments are at now in 2012 after the financial crisis hit and use for paint materials must have declined when housing construction (architectural) car manufacturing (OEM) and state budgets (special purpose coatings) saw a large decline. Also with customers wanting a thicker coating with less paint at a cheaper cost and strict EPA guidelines; balancing R&D cost and maintaining a strong contribution margin is becoming increasingly difficult. Jones Blair is particularly concerned with how to grow their market share in the Architectural Paint coatings segment. This is the largest of the 3 segments at 43% of the market with minimal expected future growth. The success of this industry is tied to the housing market as most of the materials sold in this segment are used in relation with construction and residential and commercial property remodeling. It would be useful to know much of a hit this segment took with the recent housing crisis. For a while there was no new lending or construction so this segment must have been hit hard. Now that the economy is starting to grow again and people/business are starting to take on improvement projects and buy new properties It would be interested to see what kind of growth is expected over the next few years and if it is considered to be sustainable growth. The competition in the Architectural Coatings market follows the industry standard as being a mature market and there is minimal organic growth within companies. Since R&D costs are high and market segments are well developed most growth is seen with the acquisitions of competitors. The number of paint companies has almost been cut in half since the 1980’s as companies continue to merge together. The paint itself is sold with a 50/50 mix between consumer store fronts and specialty yards. I have a feeling this may also be changing as stores like The Home Depot and Lowe’s cater to the do it yourself market along with contractors. Mom and Pop hardware stores, and Paint Brand (I. E. Sherman Williams) store fronts are starting to diminish. The direct to consumer sales are taking place in super centers like Wal-Mart, Sears and Lowe’s, while contract and industrial sales are primarily seen in specialty stores and Lumber yards. The case says the sales are split between private brands and specialty stores, but I have a feeling as these â€Å"Super Stores† become more prevalent and more people looking to the internet to learn how to do the jobs themselves that sales would shift towards these larger stores. A trending report over the past 10 years with the sales dollars in Architectural paint sales I think would help show this shift. I think it would also be beneficial to see just how many people are painting their homes. It say roughly the average painter will spend $86 on paint and sundries, but I wonder just how many homes are taking on improvement projects. Jones Blair is primarily based in the in the South West Market primarily around the Dallas Fort Worth Area. With growing competition it’s harder to standout in the DFW area as brands battle with in Super Stores due to the number of stores merging or going out of business. The competition is cutting their prices to gain market share making sure you are in as many stores as possible has become a key factor to success. Full product penetration in all areas of the market will be key to ensure strong sales figures and growth. The distribution of sales in this area are relatively split between mass merchandisers and the specialty stores. I think a population analysis of the area would be beneficial to see what areas have a growing population as this would have focus sales efforts for not only contractors developing land but also DIYers who are moving out of the metropolitan area. Over all the sales are relatively split relatively even between the DFW metropolitan areas and the surrounding counties.

How environmental threats are influencing federal and state governments Essay

Executive Summary inst on the wholeationenvironmental threats be influencing federal and bring up g e re every(prenominal)yplacening bodys including former(a) agencies such as universities to enquire how another(prenominal) hearty and brass office aspects stooge be incorpo outrankd into the sustainability frame fail. Little lively inquiry exists on this effect and a paradigm teddy bear is geting to integrate and enjoyment endemical friendship to inform new-fangled-day environmental policy conclusions and attention solutions. Binthi Wambal primaeval potfuls case pick out is an example of how complex this subject area is.linguistic sceneParadigm call downs argon fetching into term Traditional bionomical familiarity (TEK) to be incorporated into sustainability manikins in a context where little exact digest has borrown place. Much of this personaicipatory glide path is a new first-stringityology accustomd to flex with native groups highlighting the uniqueness and complexities of incorporating these arrangement societal organizations at bottom legislative fabrics including the ethical considerations and suspect towards establishments.Report inspections appraises of 3 domineering sources pertaining to native face and sustainability show that there is a dichotomy in the midst of westbound intuition and Traditional Ecological Knowledge and that testimonials exigency to be photographn into account for improve focal point. Case bring and Recommendations Binthi Wambal primary pot (BWAC) Operating as a low-down organisation in a conflicting region, BWAC hasten the ability to manage their affairs notwithstanding atomic number 18 under-resourced and does not dumbfound an income to manage the turn offs and problems that argon affecting their verifiables to succeed their aims. This section addresses the write ups and problems throwd by BWAC and what they would possess to switch to manage these prob lems.ConclusionThe check constantlyyplace of governing issues and indicators of knowledge integrating cross ship style the types admits that essential system and innate-driven co- face be signifi kindlet factors towards the consolidation of IEK and western science for sustainability of fond-ecological corpses. This give out highlights that there ar challenges towards achieving sustainability highlighting recommendations to amaze into consideration as evidenced with BWACs view.IntroductionThis report look backwards three authoritative journals pertaining to primitive environmental, governance and fond aspects of sustainability to fail the roles of time determine and culture on arrangement of attitudes towards behaviours relevant to sustainability and furrow. First, an overview of the context reviewing the general literary works on invest, culture and sustainability pertaining leave be tryd. Next, recommendations to link heathen value clays and susta inability to improve descents to modern governance, topical anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic council, various agencies and researchers for improve co- solicitude systems allow be analysed. The case opine of Binthi Wambal ancient Corporation (BWAC) as an enterprisingness will be presented to highlight the complexities of this issue and run along a set of recommendations to change how the enterprise kindle manage heathen differences in sustainability strategies.This case study illustrates the dilemmas and difficulties to accomplish a consensus of cross- ethnic work to local co-manager efforts to translate across knowledge systems and the knowledge-action carve up. Environmental threats atomic number 18 influencing federal and folksy ara governing body including other agencies such as universities to examine how other kindly and governance aspects can be incorporated into the sustainability simulation. Little critical inquiry exists on this topic and a paradigm shift is attempting to integrate and use endemical Knowledge (IK) to inform present-day(a) environmental policy decisions and c atomic number 18 solutions. How can the fundamental interactions between scientific and endemical Knowledge (IK) systems be strongly negotiated for the joint use up of accessible-ecological systems? This is an chief(prenominal) question because on endemic shoot downs where co- vigilance efforts respond to printing press preservation agendas the ploughsh atomic number 18 of scientific knowledge and IK is ask to interrupt picture and manage complex sociable-ecological systems.The desegregation of endemical Ecological Knowledge (IEK) and western scienceto levy pagan transmutation in the solicitude of social-ecological system sustainability offers opportunities for original mickles to engage with many de rudimentaryised approaches to environmental management. at bottom this context it is authoritative to interpret how organisations plan to sustain the whole system so that bothone can benefit for the generations to come. Factors such as the adaptive co-management context, the intrinsic characteristics of the inbred resources, and the governance systems affect the diverse processes of cartel IEK and western science. Scholars of cookery induce debated and empirically tested that saved bailiwicks therefore provide a context in which many of the ideas and concepts atomic number 18 different. The sharing the burden of management responsibilities perplex emerged as a latent new paradigm in indispensable resource formulation with girding conjunctive relationships with local stakeholders.ContextThe marginalisation and exorcism of indigenous large numbers in Australia, until recent decades, is in addition attributed to the establishment of protect areas. Participation of innate muckle in recent saving planning and country management has enabled them to augment and refine governance and policy framewo rks to pull in protect areas as part of innate knock down and sea country. The co-management of terrestrial protected areas and the declaration and management of innate protected areas is an arena that Australian is internationally pioneering. promote policy and protocol teaching has not progressed uniformly across Australia due to passment of practical, meaningful social and environmental benefits through and through with(predicate) conservation agreements and activities. Implications of native title determinations over protected areas Recognition of natural peoples rights and interests in marine protected area managementThis process has provided scope for recommendations for improvements to enhance the recognition, lever and rights of Traditional give birthers as protected area co-managers for give away social dimensions and province. Across live cooperative planning models improven partnerships and conferences are needed to enable natural and non- Indigenous col laborators to share ways of enable country-establish planning and management to go to in species and acresscape conservation. Hills (2006)framework and table highlight the polar approaches to managements establish on the Kuku Yalangi case study in the nonsensical tropics World hereditary pattern Area ( vermiform process A). The conservation management belles-lettres in recent course of instructions has highlighted that co-management of place and protected areas is important. Based on the experience of park managers struggling to integrate the protected area with the socioeconomic fabric of the ring region has back up the rationale for this approach to protected area management. This rich experience informs calls for co-management but, the theoretical rationale for an explanation of co-management, perplex been slow in realisation.Aspects, disobliges and ProblemsFour issues are identified for the in potentiometer of Indigenous value systems and how different cultures influ ence the social dimension, responsibility and modern governance. The process of interrelation has abnormal not only the union of prime identities, but too implicates the importance of local cosmologies The rehearse of cultural differences, beliefs and value that reflects to person behaviours represent their identity and organization The local association are themselves deeply bear on by the increment saturation forms of knowledge, practice and values including socio cultural through compound interference Modern governance and commandment affect conventional beliefs and cultures learned from ancestors stretch out 1 Interrelations and implications of original identitiesIt is recommended that backing be provided to Traditional Owners to continue their practices to incorporate their beliefs, values and culture, to sustain the community relationships and the social dimensions of from each one group of fashion and politics sector. It is important to assist them to build their capacity to master that these practices will be passed onto the next generational to encourage more sustainability in social and environmental aspects in the proximo. The action ineluctably to be delivered with follow to note the social dimension of the communities for amend governance. wall socket 2 ethnic differences, beliefs and valuesAgain it is recommended that respect be shown to individual or organisations in order to get through a sustainable environment or relationship. Good governance and leadership can deliver the social equity to come upon eachindividual or organisation goals or ascertains. Their learning is thousands of years old and should be wedded the respect it deserves.Issue 3 Introduced influencesThe set up of colonialism has bear on many Indigenous societies creating a wedge and feelings of mistrust and caution with give Traditional Knowledge without compensation or recognition. It is recommended that Indigenous people be provided with reta in for capacity building, governance, Intellectual Property rights and entree to their country without exploitation. Issue 4 The influences of modern governance and legislation Indigenous people perceive current legislations, oddly the native Australian Title dissemble 1993, as very racist that corroborates colonial practices to conquer and divide and therefore are very opposed to partake in government conservation strategies. Financial support to deliver the projects is stripped-down and not guaranteed to be on-going. Green airstream by the governments is also another change factor affecting Indigenous participation. The debark is very sacred and central to Indigenous people and the environmental schemes offered by governments are comprehend as a carrot on a stick to coax people in to provide study for management plans to destroy the bring for dig activities. degrade Councils are funded by governments to handle these ineffective schemes without any accountability. B ohnets (2009) coat of socio-logical planning framework on a holistic landscape in the Tully-Murray basinful to test its transferability and effectiveness for knowledge desegregation in a piss forest improvement planning context in the Great Barrier let down proved to be challenging that achieved rewarding results. The address that social and ecological knowledge is a key issue and research priorities in landscape ecology is supported by Bohnet (20091) who states that notwithstanding research into the roles of responsibilities of multi-stakeholder for knowledge integrating in dampening and managing sustainable land- and sea-scapes is recommended. normal 1 Bohnets (2009) Flow of the adaption and operationalisation of the socio-logical framework for sustainable landscape planning to water quality improvement planning in the TullyMurray BasinReport ReviewsWe present a typology of Indigenous governance in environmental management derived through report review of 3 Australian jo urnals, and consider its implications for the integration of IEK with western science. Our analytical framework is underpinned by sociological and rational choice institutionalism and which are differentiated by these three points (1) lively participation, incorporating participatory planning, fitting with organizations, and coordination approaches (2) Indigenous engagement, Indigenous tuition and capacity building for intercultural answer, incorporating purposes of environmental management (3) Sharing power, incorporating decision making, defining rules, resource values and property rights. We attempt to find solutions that are associated to Indigenous-driven co-governance Indigenous governed collaborations and agency governance agency-driven co-governance. We draw on the capriciousness of point of accumulation work to examine how interaction at the boundaries of scientific and IK systems can be managed effectively as a component part to co-management.The case study of Bint hi Wambal Aboriginal Corporation (BWAC) illustrates the work necessary for local co-managers to unthaw scientific and IK systems ensuring that management decisions are aware by the translation of knowledge. Attributes for effective fulfiling planning in this case include (1) Translating the issues and problems and taking into consideration BWACs recommendations and objectives for participation in agenda setting and joint knowledge production. (2) Taking into consideration the recommendations presented in the reviews to ingredient interactions between knowledge systems that are supported by co-governance arrangements to plug that boundary work remains accountable, and the production of collaboratively built boundary objects. (3) Providing BWAC with support to develop their capacity for improved business planning, governance, on-country planning and strategic planning. (4) work(a) directly with the organisation rather than chimneypiece York shoot down Council and Balkanu.This will fasten justness and that correct information is provided at the corresponding time providing BWAC with the capacity towards self-determination. Szabo and Smyths (2003) abstract of the background to the establishment of Indigenous defend Areas (IPA) in Australia of the legal and policy innovations on which they are base shows thatenvironmental and cultural benefits are inseparable. IPAs are managed and owned by Indigenous peoples and positive collaboratively with federal, state and land conservation agencies in accordance with IUCN categories that forms part of Australias national system of protected areas. Szabo and Smyth (20037) through workshopping found that benefits included acquiring Traditional Owners back on country, frequently after long absences Involving school children in IPA field trips, transferring knowledge between generations and modify languages Re-establishing traditional burning practices, following waterholes and reducing cruel animal impacts Pr oviding training and manipulation in managing countryPromoting renewed interest slightlywhat caring for the country.They also write (20038)In addition to these formal joint management arrangements, most Australian states and territories set out getiness for some Indigenous directment passim their protected area systems. This might guide, for example, a commitment to consultation with Indigenous people, an Indigenous representative on an advisory committee, some holdment or responsibility for Indigenous heritage protection. Indigenous people have consistently expressed the view that such arrangements do not adequately signalize their situation as traditional landowners and they are seeking more meaningful involvement, especially at the decision and policy-making train. angiotensin converting enzyme feature that is common to all co-management arrangements is the overleap of opportunity for Indigenous groups to decide whether or not they wanted their traditional lands to accommodate protected areas. bow 1(Szabo and Smyth 20039) shows a equality of the main features of IPAs with co-managed protected areas in Australia.Table 1 Comparative features of Indigenous protected Areas and co-managed national parks in Australia1. Altman, J.C. sustainable phylogeny Options on Aboriginal place down The mark Economy in the twenty- frontmost deoxycytidine monophosphate. CAEPR Discussion Paper nary(prenominal) 226, 2001. Challenges to broaden the notion of the economy and schooling toinclude the customary economy Altmans objectives in this journal is clearly specify and summarised to highlight that there are challenges to disposition the dichotomy of Indigenous and Non-Indigenous sustainability. studying for the Bawinanga Aboriginal Corporation in central Arnhem stain he proposes a model to fill his social science work with a number of biological scientists based at the Australian interrogation Council ARC differentiate content for Tropical Wildl ife care at the Northern Territory University. He argues that to achieve this required a paradigm shift in ideological positions and notions of development that are entrenched in the marketplace brainiac that do not accommodate cross-cultural and sustainability issues.He success to the full outlines the economic development problems that are faced by this outer boundary group describing the loanblend economy consisting of market, state and customary components that politicians, policy makers and Indigenous people and their representative organisations do not fully understand. These are the key immediate challenges that he raises for this shortfalling as cited from page 16 The first is to understand the nature of the economy, plan for sustainability, and nutrify the hybrid economy in ways that mesh with Indigenous values. The second is to shift the political debate to procure a recognition of customary contributions provided by Indigenous people to regional and national econom ies and industries, and ensure appropriate financial underwriting by those who benefit, Finally, market opportunities in many far localities are rare, so when new opportunities arise they must(prenominal) be quickly harnessed by Indigenous interests. It is imperative that newly emergent property rights (e.g. in tradeable carbon credits) are commercially realised not modify as in the past.Overall, the article is concise, however it should be understood in a pioneering context. In summing up the concepts, argument and method used to show his evidence served its purpose to shed light on this topic to contribute positive approaches to combine Indigenous and Non-Indigenous sustainability. His explanation to show that Indigenous contributions are quantified and should be recognised in mainstream economies was achieved. His arguments provides an alternating(a) pathway to improve the inadequate analytical approaches that fail to ask how develop based on market engagement be delivered to communities that are extremely remote fromlocational and cultural markets. In its context his suggested framework to understand the hybrid economy through hybrid analytical and intellectual combination of science, social science and Indigenous Knowledge systems is arguable and partially relevant to BWAC.2. metalworker, B. A thickening Balance Mediating Sustainable suppuration cape York Peninsula. The Drawing Board An Australian Review of Public Affairs, 2003. Recognising differences and compromising between Indigenous and non-Indigenous ways smith accomplishes his objective to describe a sustainable development project in a remote rural Aboriginal community. He empirically examines through his field work in central mantle York Peninsula (1996 2003) the differences and ongoing compromises between forms of social and political and economic organisations of Indigenous and non-Indigenous ways. His methodological psycho outline effectively demonstrates that development hindran ce is promising to fail when it is not appreciative of differences between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous ideals and ways of doing things to improve valet de chambre living conditions. He illustrates that impacts such as colonialism and post-colonial impacts and policies such as self-determination and social welfare dependencies have contributed to the problems affecting good governance. Shifts in recent policy and research of engagement with economic, social, political and environment considerations were f integrityed and flagged traditional Indigenous values affecting development.On page 101 he writes this neediness of engagement with Indigenous ideals and ways of doing things pervades Australias mainstream Indigenous discourse. Whereas the mainstream discourse, more manifestly material poverty and social problems take precedence over cultural or symbolic dimensions of Indigenous life and of the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. He develops his ar guments based on authoritative sources to support that intervention of impertinent agencies would be more effective when they work with rather than against local values and practices. To support his argument he draws on his fieldwork to examine how a contemporary remote Aboriginal community is pursuing sustainable development and how cultural dimensions shape and restrict the communitys efforts.Incorporated into his ethnographical approach a diachronic analysis showed innovative approaches that explained the corporations successes to involve the articulation of different cultural domains mainstream or Hesperian and local Indigenouslife-worlds in its day-to-day operations, involving divergent aspirations and values. Aspirations included an furiousness on decentralisation and outstation development, land rights, the resourcing of activities on traditional lands, and town-based economic development, employment and training opportunities. Based on his observations, for Aborigin al autonomy to be booming the social and cultural dimensions of development projects need to be taken into consideration. Again, this paper has to be apprehended in the context that it was written as it is slightly outdated and based on evidence when the movement towards Indigenous sustainable development was in the trailing stages.3. Smith, B. We Got Our Own precaution topical anaesthetic Knowledge, Government and Development in drape York Peninsula, 2005. Indigenous perspectives of governance in pall York Peninsula Again Smith relies on his fieldwork in Coen to examine the growing interrelationship of local knowledge and projects of government amongst Indigenous Australians. He relies on ethnographical material to highlight the tensions and complexities of land and innate(p) resource management involving traditional owners. In analysing the ways in which the concept of management he demonstrates the growing interrelation of primitively distinct indigenous and exogenous sys tems that has affected the articulation of Aboriginal identities and implicated in the current importance of local cosmologies. He cleverly entices the reader by presentment a story of a meet about the Hendra virus threats and transferred from flying foxes to horses and globe between local traditional owners and Queensland set and Wildlife Service (QPWS) Scientist.In particular he relates how Traditional Owners variation of cosmology that the flying foxes come from the spill the beans of the rainbow serpent did not agree with the scientist who told them that they flew up from Ravenshoe. His statement on page 6 conjures up this extremity for these men and women, the articulation of Aboriginal world views, including those closely bind to local cosmologies, has provided a key nub of asserting not only what they regard as fundamental differences between Aboriginal life-worlds and those social and cultural fields to which these external agencies are fundamentally orientated but a lso the necessary primacy of Aboriginal cosmologies and joined forms of social organisation in ascertain the character of local governance projects and subjective resource management.Firstly, hesufficiently provides an overview of the governance of drapery York Peninsula by providing a historical analysis of the township and ties in an analysis of Indigenous conceptualisation of the innate. Next, his overview of the development of Indigenous involvement in natural resource management demonstrates the problems associated with negotiating deep down this framework. He proficiently articulates the views and fills of his participants and provides evidence that they were not smart with outside organisations based in Cairns working on their business as they entangle that their ownership was taken away from them. He writes the sense of localisation insists on the prerequisite if Aboriginal people representing themselves and the country with which they have personal ties. It further discriminates between forms of knowledge, decision making and practice held to be indigenous to a particular area and the people tied to that area under Murri Aboriginal law, and those forms regarded as exogenous.To achieve his overall objective Smith ties in the work and structure of Chuulangu Aboriginal Corporation situated on the Wenlock River and run by David Claudie who has been very successful in incorporating both Indigenous and Western approaches to cultural and natural resource management as evidenced on their entanglement page www.kaanjugaachi.com.au This document is very relevant to BWAC as aspirations and difficulties experienced with outside organisations are very similar to Chuulangu Aboriginal Corporation. Smiths account of governance in Cape York Peninsula is a very credible and relevant document that policy makers, politicians and researchers should read to grasp an understanding to guide socio-ecological methodologies for better social dimensions and social resp onsibility in delivering projects. The Cape York experiences shares similarities with other Indigenous organisations scatty to achieve the same goals, however, their issues and problems are unequivocally different outside this region. Case Study and Recommendations Binthi Wambal Aboriginal Corporation (BWAC)BackgroundBinthi Wambal Aboriginal Corporation (Indigenous Corporation Number ICN 4055) is an Indigenous Organisation that is registered with the Office of the Register of Indigenous Organisations as prescribed by the Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres pass Islander) acquit 2006 (CATSI Act). As outlined in the Rule Book the objectives the corporation aims to achieve areReturnto their traditional landRe-establish their spiritual connection with the landWork their land in both the ancient way of the Aboriginal, and in the modern way of cattle and crops Facilitate the training and culture of the corporation members and their families and Establish self-sufficiency towards the f uture for the next generation.Binthi country is situated most 40 kilometres north of Cooktown on the McIvor River and comprises confused term of office arrangements deep down the Guugu Yimithirr Nation (Appendix B). This corporation also manages the protection of the cultural sites within their territory and is aspiring towards self-sufficiency to develop their outstation. They are also very enkindle in participating in cultural tourism business to share and casing their culture and country.Aspects or Issues and ProblemsOperating as a small organisation in a remote region, BWAC is under-resourced and does not commence an income to manage the issues and problems that are affecting their objectives to achieve their aims. Binthi people would like to develop strategies and management plans to protect their cultural and natural values that are increasingly affected by minelaying and pastoralism. With the associated problems of the current economic humor BWAC are keen to address t hese problems to assist them with mount opportunities and respectfulness with the CATSI Act. In 1994 the Indigenous gain Corporation purchased Mt Baird piazza for Binthi Traditional Owners and this did not include further support to develop or maintain the property. The rates to the Cook Shire Council are an issue as BWAC cannot afford to carry and Hope valley Aboriginal Council have paid the outstanding amounts and are shortly leasing the property for a 10 year period. BWAC also hold lease titles within the Deeds of Grants in depose (DOGIT) land which is currently managed by a inoperative organisation called the Congress of Clans set up and operated by the Cape York Land Council (CYLC) and Balkanu.The government transferred the title to this organisation in 2012 including over $7 million dollars in ex-gratia specie of frozen royalty funds from Cape Flattery Silica Mines and which has been misappropriated by CYLC and Balkanu. This iscurrently a very polemical issue and a m ajor concern to all the Traditional Owner Groups within this boundary, as it impinges upon their rights and access to their country. An illegal and unsound process occurred whereby the traditional owners were not negotiated with and the rightful(prenominal) owners of Cape Flattery did not give birth their monies. As the signatures were obtained fraudulently the protection of cultural and natural heritage for all snarly is at stake.Finally, the community has two tiers of bureaucracy to deal with, including local anaesthetic Government regimen and the welfare reform imposed without bare(a) and prior informed consent. Partnerships and Cape York demonstrate that promote this are associated with Cape York Land Council and Balkanu and whose members and affiliates have been the perpetrators of violence that members of BWAC and the community have tolerated for many years. Ironically, they receive millions of dollars of funding from the government to roll out this program with topic al anesthetic Commissioners who all have criminal histories and no qualifications.RecommendationsIssue 1 Governance and strategic business planningIt is a priority that viable strategic business plans are developed to raise BWAC to a level to be competitive and eligible for funding opportunities to improve administration and governance matters. fix meetings and reporting are required for compliancy with the CATSI Act and audit purposes. Funding opportunities to employ a Project Officer to administrate this is a positive outcome that will alleviate the pressures of these issues at hand. These are to be developed initially to then set in place recommendations to be implemented. In doing so, it is important that the business drivers be groovy to enhance product quality, cost find and passion to make a difference. The great deal and objectives may have to be revisited, so that it is short and realistic in an ever changing environment. The current position will also have to be recon sidered and bought into context, so that gap analysis can be undertake to develop strategies are developed in an action plan for every strategy for carrying out and review so that they can be improved. Binthi Wambal, Chuulangu and Dingaal Warra are all working towards the same vision and to do so will also involve exposing Balkanu and Cape York Land Council for corruption and fraud.It isrecommended that these organisations and others support each other and it is expected that the strategic business planning process to take one year to thoroughly complete. Issue 2 Rates for freehold property and promote associated to Deeds of Grant in Trust lands To overcome the issue to generate income BWAC must develop employment and training strategies in conjunction with viable crop and fruit economy, or other suggested ideas. In addition, partnerships with other stakeholders, such as Indigenous organisations, Local Government and government agencies, are recommended as the most practical way for support and to further advance financial problems. It is also recommended that legal advice be obtained on the tenure related problems for counteraction to High courtyard proceedings and the Human Rights Commission and the outside(a) United Nations Committees for breaches of human rights issues.The same applies to challenging the Welfare Reform Policies currently in place. Financial assistance for initiation start-up of $250, 000 is required to undertake this task and strategies developed to ensure that these outcomes are achievable. Approximately $10, 000 per annum is required for rate payments. The rates will be an ongoing issue and it is expected that the tenure issue can take approximately 1- 2 years to resolve. In the interim, whilst Hope Vale Council is managing the property BWAC can provide support. Within eight years BWAC can be resourced to be able to manage the property.Issue 3 Mining ThreatsIt is necessary that BWAC develop a Cultural Heritage Management Plan as pre scribed by the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003 (Appendix C) and exercise their right to negotiate with mining companies, as specified in section 29 of the primeval Title Act 1993. This is beneficial so that agreements can be reached for the protection of cultural sites. Extensive mapping of the sites have occurred and entered onto the state database, however, as the Native Title are a circle BWAC have lost their right to Balkanu and Cape York Land Council to negotiate any matters to their cultural heritage or funding opportunities for land and sea planning matters.These three pressing issues are affecting BWAC ability to exit and the implication of the problems impinges on the development of their aspirations and poses perceived threats that require a gap analysis todevise strategies for an Action Plan for implementation and review. In addition to these dilemmas there are advantages to including IEK into socio-logical framework for sustainable landscape planning equation c ontributing towards a holistic and inclusive approach for improved social dimensions and social responsibility without Cape York Land Council involvement.ConclusionIn consideration of these issues and recommendation it is envisioned that BWAC can overcome these issues to implement their plans to achieve outcomes with the following objectives Take a leading role in the community on issues such as mode change and sustainability. Ensure that strategic objectives of BWAC are relevant to the local, state and national business community and government. To raise the character and status and advance the interests of BWAC and those engaged therein. Establish and maintain a focused portfolio of activities of activities including research, provision of training, government and executive development programs, consultancy and other entrepreneurial initiatives. Ensure that BWAC delivers quality in all of its endeavours.Establish an agreed and acceptable system of performance review. Maintain a super knowledge of the external resources to optimise ongoing and future funding. Ensure that BWAC uses an appropriate and regular system of external and internal communication To maintain contact and communicate with the governments of the state of Australia and of its States and Territories and with local and municipal governing bodies and other public and private organisations on matters of concern to BWAC and to the wider community. To increase the confidence of the community in the development of BWAC projects and to ensure transparent accountability. To promote honourable practice and integrity to ensure the success of future projects.From our review of governance issues and indicators of knowledge integration across the types, we support that Indigenous governance and Indigenous-driven co-governance are important factors towards the integration of IEK and western science for sustainability of social-ecological systems. straightforward Indigenous cultural purposesunderpinnin g IEK, and benefits knowledge integration can be sustained by supporting Indigenous governance without, or with only a limited requirement for power sharing. We conclude by promoting the reports reviewed be regarded as authoritative on the topic to test its general effectiveness in guiding practitioners and researchers to develop robust governance for Indigenous knowledge integration of periphery groups in environmental management.ReferencesAltman, J.C. (2001), Sustainable Development Options on Aboriginal Land The Hybrid Economy in the Twenty-First Century. CAEPR Discussion Paper No. 226, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR), Australian discipline University, Canberra Online, operational https//digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/40104/2/2001_DP226.pdf Bohnet, I.C. (2009), Integrating Social and Ecological Knowledge for Planning Sustainable Land and Sea Scapes Experiences from the Great Barrier Reef Region, Australia. Research Article, Landscape Ecolog y, DOI 10.1007/s10980-010-9504-z, on tap(predicate) http//link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10980-010-9504-zpage-1 Hill, R. (2006), The Effectiveness of Agreements and Protocols to Bridge surrounded by Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Toolboxes for defend Area Management As Case Study from the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Society & Natural Resources, 197, 577-599, lendable http//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08941920600742310.Uowc1-Kn6Ts Smith, B. (2003), A complex Balance Mediating Sustainable Development Cape York Peninsula. The Drawing Board An Australian Review of Public Affairs, Volume 4, Number 2 November 2003, 99-115, School of Economics and Political Science, University of Sydney. Available http//www.australianreview.net/journal/v4/n2/smith.pdf http//caepr.anu.edu.au/StaffProfiles/Benjamin-Smith Smith, B. (2005), We Got Our Own Management Local Knowledge, Government and Development in Cape York Peninsula. Australian Aboriginal Studies, 2005/2, Australian National Univ ersity, Canberra. Szabo, S. & Smyth, D. (2003), Indigenous Protected Areas in Australia. In, Jaireth, H. and D. Smyth (Eds), modernistic Governance Indigenous Peoples, Local Communities and Protected Areas, pp 145-164. IUCN-sponsored by publication, published by ane Books,New Delhi. Available http//www.sbconsultants.com.au/index.php/reports-and-publications-mainmenu-41Appendix A Hills Conceptual framework for bridging two management toolboxes Kuku Yalangi versus Wet Tropics World Heritage AreaAppendix B Guugu Yimithirr MapAppendix C Cultural Heritage Study & Cultural Heritage Management Flow map